hypothesis, in that female anostracans are more conspicuous than males, especially when the brood pouch
is filled with brownish eggs. In addition, Wiman (1981)
observed lower swimming speed in females of Streptocephalus in comparison with males, making them more
vulnerable to predation. Mud pools may be very turbid due to wind action and disturbance of the substrate
by benthic organisms, with Secchi readings in such
'argillotrophic' water bodies sometimes being as low
as 4-5 mm (Daborn, 1975; Williams, 1985). Therefore, though these habitats are often shallow, a slight
increase in depth may be efficient in reducing photodamage and visual predation pressure.
Acknowledgments
L. B. and L. D. M. are Postdoctoral Researchers with
the National Fund of Scientific Research, Belgium.
References
Aiken, R. B. & J. P. Hailman, 1978. Positive phototaxis in the brine
shrimp Artemia salina to monochromatic light. Can. J. Zool. 56:
708-711.
Bernice, R., 1972. Ecological studies on Streptocephalus dichotomus
Baird (Crustacea: Anostraca). Hydrobiologia 39: 217-240.
Bradley, D. J. & R. B. Forward, Jr., 1984. Phototaxis of adult brine
shrimp, Artemia salina. Can. J. Zool. 62: 2357-2359.
Bratton, J. H. & G. Fryer, 1990. The distribution and ecology of
Chirocephalus diaphanus Prevost (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in
Britain. J. nat. Hist., Lond. 24: 955-964.
Conte, F. P. & P. A. Conte, 1988. Abundance and spatial distribution
of Artemia salina in Lake Abert, Oregon. Hydrobiologia 158:
167-172.
Conte, F. P., R. S. Jellison & G. L. Starret, 1988. Nearshore and
pelagic abundances of Artemia monica in Mono Lake, California.
Hydrobiologia 158: 173-181.
Daborn, G. R., 1975. The argillotrophic lake system. Verh. int. Ver.
Limnol. 19: 580-588.
De Meester, L., 1992. The phototactic behaviour of male and female
Daphnia magna. Anim. Behav. 43: 696-698.
De Meester, L. & H. J. Dumont, 1988. The genetics of phototaxis
in Daphnia magna: Existence of three phenotypes for vertical
migration among parthenogenetic females. Hydrobiologia 162:
47-55.
Forward, R. B., Jr., 1988. Diel vertical migration: Zooplankton
photobiology and behaviour. Oceano gr. mar. BioI. annu. Rev. 26:
361-393.
Forward, R. B., Jr., 1993. Photoresponses during diel vertical migration of brine shrimp larvae: Effect of predator exposure. Arch.
Hydrobiol./Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 37-44.
Forward, R. B., Jr. & W. F. Hettler, Jr., 1992. Effects of feeding
and predator exposure on photoresponses during diel vertical
migration of brine shrimp larvae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 12611270.
91
Hailman, J. P. & R. G. Jaeger, 1975. A model of phototaxis and its
evaluation with anuran amphibians. Behaviour 56: 215-249.
Hairston, N. G., Jr., 1980. The vertical distribution of diaptomid
copepods in relation to body pigmentation. In W. C. Kerfoot (ed.),
Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. University
Press of New England, Hanover (N.H.); Lond.: 98-110.
Haney, J. F., 1993. Environmental control of diel vertical migration
behaviour. Arch. Hydrobiol.lBeih. Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 1-17.
Holmes, S. J., 1910. Description of a new species of Eubranchipus
from Wisconsin, with observations on its reaction to light. Trans.
Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 16: 1252-1254.
Howland, R. B., 1911. Migration of retinal pigment in the eyes of
Branchipus gelidus. J. expo Zool. II: 143-158.
Hutchinson, G. E., 1967. A treatise on limnology, 2. J. Wiley &
Sons, N.Y., 1115 pp.
Lampert, w., 1993. Ultimate causes of diel vertical migration of zooplankton: New evidence for the predator-avoidance hypothesis.
Arch. Hydrobiol./Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 79-88.
Lefcort, H., L. Zhang & c. E. King, 1991. Distributions of diploid
and pentaploid brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica in an illuminated thermal gradient. Can. J. Zool. 69: 2461-2465.
Lenz, P. H., 1980. Ecology of an alkali adapted variety of Artemia
from Mono Lake, California, USA. Tn G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos,
O. Roels & E. Jaspers (eds), The brine shrimp Artemia, 3. Universa Press, Wetteren: 79-96.
Mason, D. T., 1966. Density current plumes. Science (Washington
D.C.) 152: 354-356.
Mathias, P., 1937. Biologie des Crustaces Phyllopodes. In Hermann
and Cie (eds), Actual. scient. indo Bibliotheque de la Societe
philomathique de Paris 447: 1-107.
McGinnis, M. 0., 1911. Reactions of Branchipus serratus to light,
heat and gravity. J. expo Zool. 10: 227-240.
Miiller, R., 1918. Zur Biologie von Tanymastix lacunae Guerin.
Biologisches Zentrallblat 38: 257-268.
Pearse, S. A., 1912. Observations on the behavior of Eubranchipus
dadayi. Bull. Wis. nat. Hist. Soc. 10: 109-117.
Pennak, W., 1978. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. J.
Wiley & Sons, New York, 803 pp.
Persoone, G. & P. Sorgeloos, 1980. General aspects of the ecology and biogeography of Artemia. In G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos,
O. Roels & E. Jaspers, The brine shrimp Arremia, 3. Universa
Press, Wetteren: 3-24.
Ringelberg, J., 1987. Light induced behaviour in Daphnia. In
R. H. Peters & R. de Bernardi (eds), 'Daphnia'. Mem. 1st. ital.
Idrobiol. 45: 285-323.
Ringelberg, J., 1993. Phototaxis as a behavioural component of diel
vertical migration in a pelagic Daphnia. Arch. Hydrobiol./Beih.
Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 45-55.
Siebeck, H. 0., 1980. Optical orientation of pelagic crustaceans and
its consequence in the pelagic and littoral zone. In W. C. Kerfoot
(ed.), Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. University Press of New England, Hanover (N.H.); Lond.: 28-38.
Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf, 1981. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Second edition. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 859 pp.
Weir, J. S., 1969. Studies on Central African Pans. 3. Fauna and
physico-chemical environment of some ephemeral pools. H ydrobiologia 33: 93-116.
Williams, W. D., 1985. Biotic adaptations in temporary lentic waters,
with special reference to those in semi-arid and arid regions.
Hydrobiologia 125: 85-110.
Wiman, F. H., 1981. Mating behavior in the Streptocephaius fairy
shrimps (Crustacea: Anostraca). Southwest. Nat. 25: 541-546.
is filled with brownish eggs. In addition, Wiman (1981)
observed lower swimming speed in females of Streptocephalus in comparison with males, making them more
vulnerable to predation. Mud pools may be very turbid due to wind action and disturbance of the substrate
by benthic organisms, with Secchi readings in such
'argillotrophic' water bodies sometimes being as low
as 4-5 mm (Daborn, 1975; Williams, 1985). Therefore, though these habitats are often shallow, a slight
increase in depth may be efficient in reducing photodamage and visual predation pressure.
Acknowledgments
L. B. and L. D. M. are Postdoctoral Researchers with
the National Fund of Scientific Research, Belgium.
References
Aiken, R. B. & J. P. Hailman, 1978. Positive phototaxis in the brine
shrimp Artemia salina to monochromatic light. Can. J. Zool. 56:
708-711.
Bernice, R., 1972. Ecological studies on Streptocephalus dichotomus
Baird (Crustacea: Anostraca). Hydrobiologia 39: 217-240.
Bradley, D. J. & R. B. Forward, Jr., 1984. Phototaxis of adult brine
shrimp, Artemia salina. Can. J. Zool. 62: 2357-2359.
Bratton, J. H. & G. Fryer, 1990. The distribution and ecology of
Chirocephalus diaphanus Prevost (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in
Britain. J. nat. Hist., Lond. 24: 955-964.
Conte, F. P. & P. A. Conte, 1988. Abundance and spatial distribution
of Artemia salina in Lake Abert, Oregon. Hydrobiologia 158:
167-172.
Conte, F. P., R. S. Jellison & G. L. Starret, 1988. Nearshore and
pelagic abundances of Artemia monica in Mono Lake, California.
Hydrobiologia 158: 173-181.
Daborn, G. R., 1975. The argillotrophic lake system. Verh. int. Ver.
Limnol. 19: 580-588.
De Meester, L., 1992. The phototactic behaviour of male and female
Daphnia magna. Anim. Behav. 43: 696-698.
De Meester, L. & H. J. Dumont, 1988. The genetics of phototaxis
in Daphnia magna: Existence of three phenotypes for vertical
migration among parthenogenetic females. Hydrobiologia 162:
47-55.
Forward, R. B., Jr., 1988. Diel vertical migration: Zooplankton
photobiology and behaviour. Oceano gr. mar. BioI. annu. Rev. 26:
361-393.
Forward, R. B., Jr., 1993. Photoresponses during diel vertical migration of brine shrimp larvae: Effect of predator exposure. Arch.
Hydrobiol./Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 37-44.
Forward, R. B., Jr. & W. F. Hettler, Jr., 1992. Effects of feeding
and predator exposure on photoresponses during diel vertical
migration of brine shrimp larvae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37: 12611270.
91
Hailman, J. P. & R. G. Jaeger, 1975. A model of phototaxis and its
evaluation with anuran amphibians. Behaviour 56: 215-249.
Hairston, N. G., Jr., 1980. The vertical distribution of diaptomid
copepods in relation to body pigmentation. In W. C. Kerfoot (ed.),
Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. University
Press of New England, Hanover (N.H.); Lond.: 98-110.
Haney, J. F., 1993. Environmental control of diel vertical migration
behaviour. Arch. Hydrobiol.lBeih. Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 1-17.
Holmes, S. J., 1910. Description of a new species of Eubranchipus
from Wisconsin, with observations on its reaction to light. Trans.
Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 16: 1252-1254.
Howland, R. B., 1911. Migration of retinal pigment in the eyes of
Branchipus gelidus. J. expo Zool. II: 143-158.
Hutchinson, G. E., 1967. A treatise on limnology, 2. J. Wiley &
Sons, N.Y., 1115 pp.
Lampert, w., 1993. Ultimate causes of diel vertical migration of zooplankton: New evidence for the predator-avoidance hypothesis.
Arch. Hydrobiol./Beih. Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 79-88.
Lefcort, H., L. Zhang & c. E. King, 1991. Distributions of diploid
and pentaploid brine shrimp Artemia parthenogenetica in an illuminated thermal gradient. Can. J. Zool. 69: 2461-2465.
Lenz, P. H., 1980. Ecology of an alkali adapted variety of Artemia
from Mono Lake, California, USA. Tn G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos,
O. Roels & E. Jaspers (eds), The brine shrimp Artemia, 3. Universa Press, Wetteren: 79-96.
Mason, D. T., 1966. Density current plumes. Science (Washington
D.C.) 152: 354-356.
Mathias, P., 1937. Biologie des Crustaces Phyllopodes. In Hermann
and Cie (eds), Actual. scient. indo Bibliotheque de la Societe
philomathique de Paris 447: 1-107.
McGinnis, M. 0., 1911. Reactions of Branchipus serratus to light,
heat and gravity. J. expo Zool. 10: 227-240.
Miiller, R., 1918. Zur Biologie von Tanymastix lacunae Guerin.
Biologisches Zentrallblat 38: 257-268.
Pearse, S. A., 1912. Observations on the behavior of Eubranchipus
dadayi. Bull. Wis. nat. Hist. Soc. 10: 109-117.
Pennak, W., 1978. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. J.
Wiley & Sons, New York, 803 pp.
Persoone, G. & P. Sorgeloos, 1980. General aspects of the ecology and biogeography of Artemia. In G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos,
O. Roels & E. Jaspers, The brine shrimp Arremia, 3. Universa
Press, Wetteren: 3-24.
Ringelberg, J., 1987. Light induced behaviour in Daphnia. In
R. H. Peters & R. de Bernardi (eds), 'Daphnia'. Mem. 1st. ital.
Idrobiol. 45: 285-323.
Ringelberg, J., 1993. Phototaxis as a behavioural component of diel
vertical migration in a pelagic Daphnia. Arch. Hydrobiol./Beih.
Ergebn. Limnol. 39: 45-55.
Siebeck, H. 0., 1980. Optical orientation of pelagic crustaceans and
its consequence in the pelagic and littoral zone. In W. C. Kerfoot
(ed.), Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. University Press of New England, Hanover (N.H.); Lond.: 28-38.
Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf, 1981. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Second edition. W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 859 pp.
Weir, J. S., 1969. Studies on Central African Pans. 3. Fauna and
physico-chemical environment of some ephemeral pools. H ydrobiologia 33: 93-116.
Williams, W. D., 1985. Biotic adaptations in temporary lentic waters,
with special reference to those in semi-arid and arid regions.
Hydrobiologia 125: 85-110.
Wiman, F. H., 1981. Mating behavior in the Streptocephaius fairy
shrimps (Crustacea: Anostraca). Southwest. Nat. 25: 541-546.