Lessios HA (1988) Population dynamics of Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
following mass mortality in Panama. Mar Biol 99:515–526
Lessios HA (1990) Adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of egg size in echinoderms from
the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Am Nat 135:1–13
Lessios HA (1991) Presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight
Caribbean echinoids off the coast of Panama. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 153:27–47
Lessios HA (1995) Diadema antillarum 10 years after mass mortality: still rare, despite help from
a competitor. Proc R Soc Lond B 259:331–337
Lessios HA (1998) The first stage of speciation as seen in organisms separated by the Isthmus of
Panama. In: Howard D, Berlocher S (eds) Endless forms: Species and Speciation. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, pp 186–201
Lessios HA (2001) Molecular phylogeny of Diadema: systematic implications.In: Barker M
(ed)Echinoderms 2000: Proceedings of 10th international Echinoderm Conference Swets and
Zeitinger, Lisse 487–495
Lessios HA (2005a) Echinoids of the Pacific waters of Panama: status of knowledge and new
records. Rev Biol Trop 53(Suppl 3):147–170
Lessios HA (2005b) Diadema antillarum populations in Panama twenty years following mass
mortality. Coral Reefs 24:125–127
Lessios HA (2007) Reproductive isolation between species of sea urchins. Bull Mar Sci
81:191–208
Lessios HA (2008) The Great American Schism: divergence of marine organisms after the rise of
the Central American Isthmus. An Rev Ecol Evol Syst 39:63–91
Lessios HA (2010) Speciation in sea urchins. In: Harris LG, Böttger SA, Walker CW, Lesser MP
(eds) Echinoderms: Durham. Proceedimngs of 12th international echinoderm conference.
CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group, Balkema, pp 91–101
Lessios HA, Robertson DR, Cubit JD (1984a) Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the
Caribbean. Science 226:335–337
Lessios HA, Cubit JD, Robertson DR, Shulman MJ, Parker MR, Garrity SD, Levings SC (1984b)
Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Coral Reefs
3:173–182
Lessios HA, Cunningham CW (1993) The evolution of gametic incompatibility in neotropical
Echinometra: a reply to McClary. Evol 47:1883–1885
Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Pearse JS (2001) Population structure and speciation in tropical seas:
global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evolution 55:955–975
Lessios HA, Kane J, Robertson DR (2003) Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin
Tripneustes: contrasting patterns of population structure between oceans. Evolution
57:2026–2036
Ludwig H (1894) Reports on an exploration off the west coast of Mexico, Central America and
South America, and off the Galápagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S.
Fish Commission steamer ‘‘Albatross’’, during 1891. XII. The Holothurioidea. Mem Mus
Comp Zool XVII:1–183
Ludwig H (1905) Asteroidea in: explorations of ‘‘Albatross’’ in Tropical Pacific, 1891 and
1899–1900. Mem Mus Comp Zool XXII:1–290
Lütken CF, Mortensen T (1899) Reports on an exploration off the west coast of Mexico, Central
America and South America, and off the Galápagos Islands, in charge of A. Agassiz, during
1891 on the ‘‘Albatross’’. XXV. The Ophiuridae. Mem Mus Comp Zool XXIII:93–208
Maluf LY (1988) Composition and distribution of the Central eastern Pacific echinoderms. Nat
Hist Mus LA County Tech Rep 2:1–242
Martin WE, Duke A, Bloom SG, McGinnis JT (1970) Possible effects of a sealevel canal on the
marine ecology of the American Isthmian Region. Bioenvironmental and radiological-safety
feasibility studies, Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic canal. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, Ohio
McAlister JS (2008) Evolutionary responses to environmental heterogeneity in Central American
echinoid larvae: plastic versus constant phenotypes. Evolution 62:1358–1372
142
S. E. Coppard and J. J. Alvarado
following mass mortality in Panama. Mar Biol 99:515–526
Lessios HA (1990) Adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of egg size in echinoderms from
the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Am Nat 135:1–13
Lessios HA (1991) Presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight
Caribbean echinoids off the coast of Panama. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 153:27–47
Lessios HA (1995) Diadema antillarum 10 years after mass mortality: still rare, despite help from
a competitor. Proc R Soc Lond B 259:331–337
Lessios HA (1998) The first stage of speciation as seen in organisms separated by the Isthmus of
Panama. In: Howard D, Berlocher S (eds) Endless forms: Species and Speciation. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, pp 186–201
Lessios HA (2001) Molecular phylogeny of Diadema: systematic implications.In: Barker M
(ed)Echinoderms 2000: Proceedings of 10th international Echinoderm Conference Swets and
Zeitinger, Lisse 487–495
Lessios HA (2005a) Echinoids of the Pacific waters of Panama: status of knowledge and new
records. Rev Biol Trop 53(Suppl 3):147–170
Lessios HA (2005b) Diadema antillarum populations in Panama twenty years following mass
mortality. Coral Reefs 24:125–127
Lessios HA (2007) Reproductive isolation between species of sea urchins. Bull Mar Sci
81:191–208
Lessios HA (2008) The Great American Schism: divergence of marine organisms after the rise of
the Central American Isthmus. An Rev Ecol Evol Syst 39:63–91
Lessios HA (2010) Speciation in sea urchins. In: Harris LG, Böttger SA, Walker CW, Lesser MP
(eds) Echinoderms: Durham. Proceedimngs of 12th international echinoderm conference.
CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group, Balkema, pp 91–101
Lessios HA, Robertson DR, Cubit JD (1984a) Spread of Diadema mass mortality through the
Caribbean. Science 226:335–337
Lessios HA, Cubit JD, Robertson DR, Shulman MJ, Parker MR, Garrity SD, Levings SC (1984b)
Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Coral Reefs
3:173–182
Lessios HA, Cunningham CW (1993) The evolution of gametic incompatibility in neotropical
Echinometra: a reply to McClary. Evol 47:1883–1885
Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Pearse JS (2001) Population structure and speciation in tropical seas:
global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evolution 55:955–975
Lessios HA, Kane J, Robertson DR (2003) Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin
Tripneustes: contrasting patterns of population structure between oceans. Evolution
57:2026–2036
Ludwig H (1894) Reports on an exploration off the west coast of Mexico, Central America and
South America, and off the Galápagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S.
Fish Commission steamer ‘‘Albatross’’, during 1891. XII. The Holothurioidea. Mem Mus
Comp Zool XVII:1–183
Ludwig H (1905) Asteroidea in: explorations of ‘‘Albatross’’ in Tropical Pacific, 1891 and
1899–1900. Mem Mus Comp Zool XXII:1–290
Lütken CF, Mortensen T (1899) Reports on an exploration off the west coast of Mexico, Central
America and South America, and off the Galápagos Islands, in charge of A. Agassiz, during
1891 on the ‘‘Albatross’’. XXV. The Ophiuridae. Mem Mus Comp Zool XXIII:93–208
Maluf LY (1988) Composition and distribution of the Central eastern Pacific echinoderms. Nat
Hist Mus LA County Tech Rep 2:1–242
Martin WE, Duke A, Bloom SG, McGinnis JT (1970) Possible effects of a sealevel canal on the
marine ecology of the American Isthmian Region. Bioenvironmental and radiological-safety
feasibility studies, Atlantic-Pacific interoceanic canal. Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus, Ohio
McAlister JS (2008) Evolutionary responses to environmental heterogeneity in Central American
echinoid larvae: plastic versus constant phenotypes. Evolution 62:1358–1372
142
S. E. Coppard and J. J. Alvarado