Hay ME, Colbum T, Downing D (1983) Spatial and temporal patterns in herbivory on a
Caribbean fringing reef: the effects on plant distribution. oecologia 58:299–308
Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results
typical? Ecology 65: 446–454
Hay ME, Fenical W, Gustafsson K (1987) Chemical defense against diverse coral reef herbivores.
Ecology 68:1581–1591
Heck KLJr (1977) Comparative species richness, composition, and abundance of invertebrates in
Caribbean seagraa (Thalassia testudinum) meadows (Panamá). Mar Biol 41:335–348
Hendler G (1977) The differential effects of seasonal stress and predation on the stability of reefflat echinoid populations. Proceedings of 3rd international Coral Reef Symposium, Miami
1:217–223
Hendler G (1995) New species of brittle stars from the western Atlantic, Ophionereis vittata,
Amphioplus sepultus, and Ophiostigma siva, and the designation of a neotype for
Ophiostigma isocanthum (Say) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Contrib Sci, Natural History
Museum of Los Angeles County 458:1-19
Hendler G (2005) Two new brittle star species of the genus Ophiothrix (Echinodermata:
Ophiuroidea: Ophiotrichidae) from coral reefs in the Southern Caribbean Sea, with notes on
their biology. Carib J Sci 41:583–599
Hendler G, Meyer DL (1982) An association of a polychaete, Branchiosyllis exilis with an
ophiuroid, Ophiocoma echinata, in Panama. Bull Mar Sci 32:736–744
Hendler G, Byrne M (1987) Fine structure of the dorsal arm plate of Ophiocoma wendti:
Evidence for a photoreceptor system (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea). Zoomorphology
107:261–272
Hendler G, Grygier MJ, Maldonado E, Denton J (1999) Babysitting brittle stars: heterospecific
symbiosis between ophiuroids (Echinodermata). Invert Biol 118:190–201
Jackson JBC, Cubit JD, Keller BD, Batista V, Burns K, Caffey HM, Caldwell RL, Garrity SD,
Getter CD, Gonzalez C, Guzman HM, Kaufmann KW, Knap AH, Levings SC, Marshall MJ,
Sterger R, Thompson RC, Weil E (1989) Ecological effects of a major oil spill on Panamanian
coastal marine communities. Sci 243:37–44
Jackson JBC, Jung P, Coates AG, Collins LS (1993) Diversity and extinction of Tropical
American mollusks and emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. Sci 260:1624–1626
Jackson JBC, Jung P, Fortunato H (1996) Paciphillia revisited: transisthmian evolution of the
Strombina Group (Gastropoda: columbellidae). In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG (eds)
Evolution and environment in tropical America. Univ Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 234–270
Jordan DS (1908) The law of the geminate species. Am Nat 42:73–80
Kinder TH, Heburn GW, Green AW (1985) Some aspects of the Caribbean circulation. Mar Geol
68:25–52
Lawrence JM, Glynn PW (1984) Absorption of nutrients from the coral Pocillopora damicornis
(L.) by the echinoid Eucidaris thouarsii (VAL.). Comp Biochem Physiol A 77:111–112
Lessios HA (1979) Use of Panamanian sea urchins to test the molecular clock. Nature
280:599–601
Lessios HA (1981a) Reproductive periodicity of the echinoid Diadema and Echinometra on the
two coasts of Panama. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 50:47–61
Lessios HA (1981b) Divergence in allopatry: molecular and morphological differentiation
between sea urchins separated by the Isthmus of Panama. Evolution 35:618–634
Lessios HA (1984) Possible prezygotic reproductive isolation in sea urchins separated by the
Isthmus of Panama. Evol 38:1144–1148
Lessios HA (1985a) Annual reproductive periodicity in eight echinoid species on the Caribbean
coast of Panama. In: Keegan B,F O’Connor BDS (eds) Echinodermata. Proceedings of 5th
international Echinoderm Conference, Balkema AA, Rotterdam, pp 303–312
Lessios HA (1985) Genetic consequences of mass mortality in the Caribbean sea urchin Diadema
antillarum. Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Symposium, Tahiti, 4:119–126
Lessios HA (1987) Temporal and spatial variation in egg size of 13 Panamanian echinoids. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 114:217–239
4 Echinoderm Diversity in Panama
141
Caribbean fringing reef: the effects on plant distribution. oecologia 58:299–308
Hay ME (1984) Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results
typical? Ecology 65: 446–454
Hay ME, Fenical W, Gustafsson K (1987) Chemical defense against diverse coral reef herbivores.
Ecology 68:1581–1591
Heck KLJr (1977) Comparative species richness, composition, and abundance of invertebrates in
Caribbean seagraa (Thalassia testudinum) meadows (Panamá). Mar Biol 41:335–348
Hendler G (1977) The differential effects of seasonal stress and predation on the stability of reefflat echinoid populations. Proceedings of 3rd international Coral Reef Symposium, Miami
1:217–223
Hendler G (1995) New species of brittle stars from the western Atlantic, Ophionereis vittata,
Amphioplus sepultus, and Ophiostigma siva, and the designation of a neotype for
Ophiostigma isocanthum (Say) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Contrib Sci, Natural History
Museum of Los Angeles County 458:1-19
Hendler G (2005) Two new brittle star species of the genus Ophiothrix (Echinodermata:
Ophiuroidea: Ophiotrichidae) from coral reefs in the Southern Caribbean Sea, with notes on
their biology. Carib J Sci 41:583–599
Hendler G, Meyer DL (1982) An association of a polychaete, Branchiosyllis exilis with an
ophiuroid, Ophiocoma echinata, in Panama. Bull Mar Sci 32:736–744
Hendler G, Byrne M (1987) Fine structure of the dorsal arm plate of Ophiocoma wendti:
Evidence for a photoreceptor system (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea). Zoomorphology
107:261–272
Hendler G, Grygier MJ, Maldonado E, Denton J (1999) Babysitting brittle stars: heterospecific
symbiosis between ophiuroids (Echinodermata). Invert Biol 118:190–201
Jackson JBC, Cubit JD, Keller BD, Batista V, Burns K, Caffey HM, Caldwell RL, Garrity SD,
Getter CD, Gonzalez C, Guzman HM, Kaufmann KW, Knap AH, Levings SC, Marshall MJ,
Sterger R, Thompson RC, Weil E (1989) Ecological effects of a major oil spill on Panamanian
coastal marine communities. Sci 243:37–44
Jackson JBC, Jung P, Coates AG, Collins LS (1993) Diversity and extinction of Tropical
American mollusks and emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. Sci 260:1624–1626
Jackson JBC, Jung P, Fortunato H (1996) Paciphillia revisited: transisthmian evolution of the
Strombina Group (Gastropoda: columbellidae). In: Jackson JBC, Budd AF, Coates AG (eds)
Evolution and environment in tropical America. Univ Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 234–270
Jordan DS (1908) The law of the geminate species. Am Nat 42:73–80
Kinder TH, Heburn GW, Green AW (1985) Some aspects of the Caribbean circulation. Mar Geol
68:25–52
Lawrence JM, Glynn PW (1984) Absorption of nutrients from the coral Pocillopora damicornis
(L.) by the echinoid Eucidaris thouarsii (VAL.). Comp Biochem Physiol A 77:111–112
Lessios HA (1979) Use of Panamanian sea urchins to test the molecular clock. Nature
280:599–601
Lessios HA (1981a) Reproductive periodicity of the echinoid Diadema and Echinometra on the
two coasts of Panama. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 50:47–61
Lessios HA (1981b) Divergence in allopatry: molecular and morphological differentiation
between sea urchins separated by the Isthmus of Panama. Evolution 35:618–634
Lessios HA (1984) Possible prezygotic reproductive isolation in sea urchins separated by the
Isthmus of Panama. Evol 38:1144–1148
Lessios HA (1985a) Annual reproductive periodicity in eight echinoid species on the Caribbean
coast of Panama. In: Keegan B,F O’Connor BDS (eds) Echinodermata. Proceedings of 5th
international Echinoderm Conference, Balkema AA, Rotterdam, pp 303–312
Lessios HA (1985) Genetic consequences of mass mortality in the Caribbean sea urchin Diadema
antillarum. Proceedings of 5th International Coral Reef Symposium, Tahiti, 4:119–126
Lessios HA (1987) Temporal and spatial variation in egg size of 13 Panamanian echinoids. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 114:217–239
4 Echinoderm Diversity in Panama
141