351
intraovarian , 3, 5, 18, 43, 59, 244, 257, 269, 271, 286, 300,
305, 313
precocious , 60, 244, 300
Follicle , 16–22, 37, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47–49, 51–54, 57, 60, 63, 74,
77–79, 81–86, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 99, 102–104, 244, 286, 291,
292, 297, 299, 301, 302, 304, 308–313
epithelium , 17, 20, 309–311
Follicle cells
cubic , 52
fl attened , 22, 54
oval , 41
prismatic , 19, 37, 49, 52, 54
squamous , 54, 77, 81–86, 97, 102, 310
Foramen , 131, 154, 168, 213
Foramina , 132, 152–154, 158, 212, 330
Frontal
budding , 6, 65, 140, 158, 266
membrane , 76, 119, 121, 125, 130, 139, 140, 147–151, 154, 158,
171, 258, 283, 289, 310, 329
membranous wall , xx, 78, 79, 82, 89, 99, 103, 174, 178, 181, 185,
208, 329
shield , xxii, 15, 16, 64, 87, 105, 129, 132, 139–141, 154–157, 160,
164, 165, 184, 191–193, 196–201, 203, 220, 266, 267, 272
skeletal wall , xxi, 64
Frontal wall
anascan (malacostegan) , 155
cryptocystal (coilostegan) , 155
gymnocystal ascophoran (hippothoomorph) , 155
lepralioid ascophoran , 155
spinocystal (cribrimorph) , 155
umbonuloid ascophoran , 155
Funicular
cells , 42–46, 58–59, 96, 135, 292, 313
cords , 9, 12, 13, 15–18, 21, 22, 42–46, 48, 49, 59, 73, 122, 134,
250, 308–313
network , 37, 43, 46, 47, 73, 289
strands , xxi, 13, 17, 19, 43, 75, 87, 90, 96, 97, 101, 118, 119, 173,
287, 290, 292, 294–296, 302, 306, 311, 312
tissue , 2, 16, 46, 58, 290, 294, 295, 299, 310
Funiculus , xx, 2, 3, 13, 62, 286–295, 297–299, 302, 304, 305, 310,
311, 314
G
Gamete
maturation , 2, 290, 291
release , xiii, 4, 68, 258, 307
Gametogenesis , xiii–xv, xvii, 1–4, 6, 20, 48, 7, 233, 250, 283, 289,
295, 305, 308, 312
Ganglion , xx, xxi, 66
Gap junctions , 53, 310
Gastrulation , xxi
Germ cell(s) , 3, 4, 13, 20, 47, 49, 73, 244, 283, 290, 293–295,
297–299, 304, 308, 309, 312
Gonad
female , 2, 3, 6, 10, 12, 16, 19, 20, 37, 43, 51, 243, 259, 287, 289,
293, 296, 297, 310, 313
male , 10, 13, 15, 291, 293
origin , 73–74
position , 16, 287
structure , 52, 243, 287
Gonadogenesis , xiii, 6, 20
Gonochorism , xiii, 5, 10, 12, 288, 290
Gonopore
female , 66–69
male , 66, 68
Gonozooid , xix, xxii, 64, 65, 68, 116, 251, 258, 270, 271, 284,
288, 303
Granules , 17, 18, 21, 22, 34, 37–40, 42, 44–46, 49, 54–56, 58, 59, 77,
79, 80, 90, 93, 95, 102, 240, 244, 245, 287, 292, 295, 304, 310
Gut
non-functioning , 235, 243, 255, 256, 260
rudimentary , 65, 235, 243, 255, 259, 261, 263, 264
Gymnocyst , xx, 131–133, 135–138, 141, 151–157, 160, 164, 169,
209, 213, 217, 220, 258, 272, 329
Gynozooid , 64
H
Hatching , 126, 128, 131, 221, 232, 304
Hermaphrodite
colony , xviii
zooid , 2, 3, 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 16, 42, 64, 87, 104, 288, 289,
291–303, 305, 309
Hermaphroditism
gonochoristic , 10
protandric , 60
simultaneous , 10, 11, 60
Heterozooid , 63, 64, 123, 124, 271
Histophagy , 251
Histotrophy , 56, 251
Holocene , 156
Hormonal regulation , 12, 48, 240, 302
Hypertrophied epithelial cells , 42, 46
I
Immersion , xxi, 119, 127–131, 137, 139, 155, 156, 159–162, 164, 263,
272
Incubation
cavity , 41, 117, 130, 159, 291, 302
chamber , xiii, xix, 56, 62, 124, 129, 131, 136, 149, 150, 162, 166,
245, 270, 271, 295
intracoelomic , 64, 124, 150, 249, 258, 270
intraovarian , 47
matrotrophic , 45, 54, 91, 96, 98, 99, 101, 245–252, 260, 263
placentotrophic , 246, 250
simultaneous , 329
space , 42, 122
Inner vesicle , xx, 118, 121, 125, 134, 145, 146
Insemination , xii, 47, 61, 104, 301, 313
precocious , 12, 312
Integration , xix, 6, 11, 12, 66, 123, 157–158, 250, 266, 267, 272
Intercellular spaces , 18, 37, 44, 46, 51, 52, 59, 134, 313
Internal brood sac
muscles , 92, 137, 145
neck , 94
Intertentacular organ (ITO) , xxi, 3, 4, 17, 18, 60, 62, 66–67, 70–74,
166, 234, 255, 256, 258–262, 268, 285, 286, 289, 290,
293–298, 300–302, 305, 307, 308, 310, 312–314, 329
Intestine , xx, xxi
Intraovarian
space , 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, 44, 51, 54, 61, 75, 77–79, 81–86, 88, 93,
96, 100, 102, 104, 290, 313
zone , 19–22, 37, 39, 41, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 61, 81, 84, 86, 96,
97, 243
Introvert , 5, 36, 58, 62, 65, 69, 71–73, 79, 82, 100, 124, 130, 150, 163,
200, 203, 258–263, 270, 286, 290, 291, 303
Intussusception , 135
Invagination , xxi, 37, 42, 136, 138, 145, 149, 159, 160, 162, 235,
260–263, 269, 299, 301, 302, 308
ITO. See Intertentacular organ (ITO)
Subject Index
intraovarian , 3, 5, 18, 43, 59, 244, 257, 269, 271, 286, 300,
305, 313
precocious , 60, 244, 300
Follicle , 16–22, 37, 39, 41, 44, 45, 47–49, 51–54, 57, 60, 63, 74,
77–79, 81–86, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 99, 102–104, 244, 286, 291,
292, 297, 299, 301, 302, 304, 308–313
epithelium , 17, 20, 309–311
Follicle cells
cubic , 52
fl attened , 22, 54
oval , 41
prismatic , 19, 37, 49, 52, 54
squamous , 54, 77, 81–86, 97, 102, 310
Foramen , 131, 154, 168, 213
Foramina , 132, 152–154, 158, 212, 330
Frontal
budding , 6, 65, 140, 158, 266
membrane , 76, 119, 121, 125, 130, 139, 140, 147–151, 154, 158,
171, 258, 283, 289, 310, 329
membranous wall , xx, 78, 79, 82, 89, 99, 103, 174, 178, 181, 185,
208, 329
shield , xxii, 15, 16, 64, 87, 105, 129, 132, 139–141, 154–157, 160,
164, 165, 184, 191–193, 196–201, 203, 220, 266, 267, 272
skeletal wall , xxi, 64
Frontal wall
anascan (malacostegan) , 155
cryptocystal (coilostegan) , 155
gymnocystal ascophoran (hippothoomorph) , 155
lepralioid ascophoran , 155
spinocystal (cribrimorph) , 155
umbonuloid ascophoran , 155
Funicular
cells , 42–46, 58–59, 96, 135, 292, 313
cords , 9, 12, 13, 15–18, 21, 22, 42–46, 48, 49, 59, 73, 122, 134,
250, 308–313
network , 37, 43, 46, 47, 73, 289
strands , xxi, 13, 17, 19, 43, 75, 87, 90, 96, 97, 101, 118, 119, 173,
287, 290, 292, 294–296, 302, 306, 311, 312
tissue , 2, 16, 46, 58, 290, 294, 295, 299, 310
Funiculus , xx, 2, 3, 13, 62, 286–295, 297–299, 302, 304, 305, 310,
311, 314
G
Gamete
maturation , 2, 290, 291
release , xiii, 4, 68, 258, 307
Gametogenesis , xiii–xv, xvii, 1–4, 6, 20, 48, 7, 233, 250, 283, 289,
295, 305, 308, 312
Ganglion , xx, xxi, 66
Gap junctions , 53, 310
Gastrulation , xxi
Germ cell(s) , 3, 4, 13, 20, 47, 49, 73, 244, 283, 290, 293–295,
297–299, 304, 308, 309, 312
Gonad
female , 2, 3, 6, 10, 12, 16, 19, 20, 37, 43, 51, 243, 259, 287, 289,
293, 296, 297, 310, 313
male , 10, 13, 15, 291, 293
origin , 73–74
position , 16, 287
structure , 52, 243, 287
Gonadogenesis , xiii, 6, 20
Gonochorism , xiii, 5, 10, 12, 288, 290
Gonopore
female , 66–69
male , 66, 68
Gonozooid , xix, xxii, 64, 65, 68, 116, 251, 258, 270, 271, 284,
288, 303
Granules , 17, 18, 21, 22, 34, 37–40, 42, 44–46, 49, 54–56, 58, 59, 77,
79, 80, 90, 93, 95, 102, 240, 244, 245, 287, 292, 295, 304, 310
Gut
non-functioning , 235, 243, 255, 256, 260
rudimentary , 65, 235, 243, 255, 259, 261, 263, 264
Gymnocyst , xx, 131–133, 135–138, 141, 151–157, 160, 164, 169,
209, 213, 217, 220, 258, 272, 329
Gynozooid , 64
H
Hatching , 126, 128, 131, 221, 232, 304
Hermaphrodite
colony , xviii
zooid , 2, 3, 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 16, 42, 64, 87, 104, 288, 289,
291–303, 305, 309
Hermaphroditism
gonochoristic , 10
protandric , 60
simultaneous , 10, 11, 60
Heterozooid , 63, 64, 123, 124, 271
Histophagy , 251
Histotrophy , 56, 251
Holocene , 156
Hormonal regulation , 12, 48, 240, 302
Hypertrophied epithelial cells , 42, 46
I
Immersion , xxi, 119, 127–131, 137, 139, 155, 156, 159–162, 164, 263,
272
Incubation
cavity , 41, 117, 130, 159, 291, 302
chamber , xiii, xix, 56, 62, 124, 129, 131, 136, 149, 150, 162, 166,
245, 270, 271, 295
intracoelomic , 64, 124, 150, 249, 258, 270
intraovarian , 47
matrotrophic , 45, 54, 91, 96, 98, 99, 101, 245–252, 260, 263
placentotrophic , 246, 250
simultaneous , 329
space , 42, 122
Inner vesicle , xx, 118, 121, 125, 134, 145, 146
Insemination , xii, 47, 61, 104, 301, 313
precocious , 12, 312
Integration , xix, 6, 11, 12, 66, 123, 157–158, 250, 266, 267, 272
Intercellular spaces , 18, 37, 44, 46, 51, 52, 59, 134, 313
Internal brood sac
muscles , 92, 137, 145
neck , 94
Intertentacular organ (ITO) , xxi, 3, 4, 17, 18, 60, 62, 66–67, 70–74,
166, 234, 255, 256, 258–262, 268, 285, 286, 289, 290,
293–298, 300–302, 305, 307, 308, 310, 312–314, 329
Intestine , xx, xxi
Intraovarian
space , 19, 21, 37, 39, 41, 44, 51, 54, 61, 75, 77–79, 81–86, 88, 93,
96, 100, 102, 104, 290, 313
zone , 19–22, 37, 39, 41, 45, 47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 61, 81, 84, 86, 96,
97, 243
Introvert , 5, 36, 58, 62, 65, 69, 71–73, 79, 82, 100, 124, 130, 150, 163,
200, 203, 258–263, 270, 286, 290, 291, 303
Intussusception , 135
Invagination , xxi, 37, 42, 136, 138, 145, 149, 159, 160, 162, 235,
260–263, 269, 299, 301, 302, 308
ITO. See Intertentacular organ (ITO)
Subject Index