350
Coelomopore , xxi, 4, 47, 62, 63, 66, 68–72, 258, 293, 298, 299, 301,
302, 304, 305, 307, 311, 312
Colony fragmentation , 6
Communication
canal , 136, 140, 156, 178, 290
opening(s) , 133, 155, 169, 170, 205
pore(s) , xx, 62, 118–123, 125, 126, 128, 132–134, 136–141, 146,
151, 156, 164, 165, 173, 174, 179–182, 186, 189, 196–198,
201, 207, 290, 311, 329
slit , 123, 126, 128, 131, 133–136, 138, 139, 153, 155, 164, 179,
184, 191, 192
Compensation sac , 15, 16, 43, 62, 303, 314
Cormidial brood complex , 329
Cormidium , 157
Cortical reaction , 61, 244
Costa(e) , 118, 124, 131, 132, 137, 150–155, 183, 329, 330
Cretaceous , xix, xxi–xxiii, 124, 131, 132, 151–153, 155, 156, 161,
163, 229, 233, 249, 250, 254, 264–269, 271, 329, 330
Cross-fertilization , 2–4, 12–13, 59, 290, 291, 298, 300, 302, 305
Cryptocyst , 91, 99, 119, 120, 125, 133, 135, 139, 153–156, 166, 167,
170–172, 174, 176, 178–182, 186, 189, 190, 194–196, 202,
205, 213, 217, 305, 329
Cuticle , xxi, 42, 44, 45, 58, 118, 119, 134–136, 139, 140, 145, 164,
303, 306, 311
Cyphonautes , xxi, xxii, 5, 17, 61, 229, 233–236, 241–243, 254, 255,
259, 261–263, 265, 267–269, 293, 295, 298, 301
Cystid
basal wall , 13, 79, 81, 145
epithelium , 45
lateral wall , 137
transverse wall , 15
Cytokinesis , 55, 244, 271, 301, 308, 309
Cytophore , 13, 15, 90, 103
Cytoplasm , 13, 17–22, 37–40, 42–47, 49, 50, 52, 54–56, 59, 61, 75,
77, 79–83, 85, 88, 96, 102, 230, 244–246, 287, 288, 291, 292,
297, 298, 300, 301, 304, 308–310, 313
Cytoplasmic bridge , 17, 20, 21, 47, 52, 54–56, 61, 79, 244,
308–310, 313
D
Danian , 163, 249
Dedifferentiation , 13, 20, 49, 73
Development rate , 240, 241, 243, 252, 255, 256
Diapedesis , 68
Digestive tract , 71, 235
non-functioning , 235
Diverticulum , 145, 149
Double disc , 139–141, 156, 157, 164, 165
Duplicature , 68, 69
Duration of development , 241–243, 256
E
Ectoderm , 3, 58, 149, 297, 301
Ectooecium , 90, 96, 98–100, 102, 105, 118, 120–123, 125, 133–141,
146, 155, 156, 158, 165, 172–174, 180–182, 184–186,
188–192, 195–198, 200, 201, 205, 220
Egg
activation , 73, 313
enlargement , 233, 241–243, 264, 299
maturation , 240, 297, 303
number , 236, 237, 240, 253, 264, 294
release , 3, 60, 61, 67, 68, 262, 292, 293, 302, 305, 310, 313
size , 231, 233, 236, 240–243, 246, 247, 265, 303
transfer , 62, 63, 250, 312
Embryo
abortion , 311
development , 45, 61, 73, 116, 288, 290, 298, 299, 306, 307
incubation , xix, 4, 5, 45, 46, 58, 72, 92, 124, 125, 148, 150, 161,
163, 165, 250, 283
intracoelomic development , 73
sac , 58, 67, 130, 145, 149, 162, 261, 301–304
Embryogenesis , xii, 43, 61, 71, 94, 229–233, 237, 241–243, 250, 255,
256, 259, 268, 270, 283, 298, 300, 303, 304, 308, 309
Embryonary , 67, 68, 149, 235, 302
Embryonic
development , 5, 41, 43, 57, 241, 245, 249, 250, 255, 270
enlargement , 45, 46, 56, 246, 247, 251, 260, 263, 264
epithelium , 56
growth , 42, 247, 250
increase , xxiii, 246
incubation , xix, xxiii, 4, 41, 115, 149, 201, 229, 235–237,
250–254, 257, 260, 262, 263, 269–271, 301
Embryophore , 36, 40–47, 57, 58, 74, 89, 90, 93–96, 99, 118, 195,
246–248, 251, 263, 264, 286, 288, 292, 294, 296, 300, 301,
303, 306, 310, 311, 313
Endocyst , 2, 288–291, 294
Endocytosis , 18, 54, 58, 311
Endosarc , 2, 290, 291
Endotrophy , 229, 230, 233, 235, 252–271
Entooecium , xx, 90, 96, 98–100, 102, 105, 117, 118, 120–123, 125,
133–141, 146, 155–158, 160, 164, 172–174, 176, 180–182,
184–186, 188–192, 195–201, 205, 220
Eocene , 151, 162, 166, 249, 254, 267, 329, 330
Epibionts , xvii, xix, xx, 244, 265, 266, 272, 284
Epistegal space , 125
Epistege , 147, 185, 289
Epithelial cells
columnar , 45, 46
cubic , 46
fl at , 45, 46, 145
hypertrophied , 42, 46
Epithelium , xxi, 3, 17, 20, 21, 37, 40–43, 45, 47, 51, 54, 56, 57, 66,
117, 235, 287, 288, 291, 292, 295, 296, 299–301, 303, 304,
309–311, 313
cylindrical , 117, 292
Evagination , 117, 125, 134, 140, 145, 150, 263, 304
Exocytosis , 54
Exotrophic larva , xxii, 268
Exotrophy , 230
Explosive radiation , xix, 264
External membranous brood sac , 124, 148–149, 166, 208, 254
Extinction , xix, xxi, 266, 267, 272
Extraembryonic nutrition (EEN) , 3–5, 18, 40–43, 46, 47, 54, 56–59,
64, 74, 93, 95, 99, 115, 150, 158, 229, 235, 242, 245–252, 259,
261, 263, 264, 269–271, 290, 293, 295, 300, 301, 304, 305,
307–309, 311
independent evolution , 249
F
Faecal pellets , 71
Fecundity , 150, 253, 268, 314
Feeding apparatus , 4, 37, 250
Fertilization
early , 59, 60, 74, 243–245, 257
envelope , 2, 3, 42, 44, 47, 48, 59–61, 85, 89, 100, 102, 124,
145, 149, 151, 163, 200, 244, 255, 258, 261, 262, 271,
286, 292, 293, 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305–307,
310–312, 314
intracoelomic , 60, 258, 270, 312
Subject Index
Coelomopore , xxi, 4, 47, 62, 63, 66, 68–72, 258, 293, 298, 299, 301,
302, 304, 305, 307, 311, 312
Colony fragmentation , 6
Communication
canal , 136, 140, 156, 178, 290
opening(s) , 133, 155, 169, 170, 205
pore(s) , xx, 62, 118–123, 125, 126, 128, 132–134, 136–141, 146,
151, 156, 164, 165, 173, 174, 179–182, 186, 189, 196–198,
201, 207, 290, 311, 329
slit , 123, 126, 128, 131, 133–136, 138, 139, 153, 155, 164, 179,
184, 191, 192
Compensation sac , 15, 16, 43, 62, 303, 314
Cormidial brood complex , 329
Cormidium , 157
Cortical reaction , 61, 244
Costa(e) , 118, 124, 131, 132, 137, 150–155, 183, 329, 330
Cretaceous , xix, xxi–xxiii, 124, 131, 132, 151–153, 155, 156, 161,
163, 229, 233, 249, 250, 254, 264–269, 271, 329, 330
Cross-fertilization , 2–4, 12–13, 59, 290, 291, 298, 300, 302, 305
Cryptocyst , 91, 99, 119, 120, 125, 133, 135, 139, 153–156, 166, 167,
170–172, 174, 176, 178–182, 186, 189, 190, 194–196, 202,
205, 213, 217, 305, 329
Cuticle , xxi, 42, 44, 45, 58, 118, 119, 134–136, 139, 140, 145, 164,
303, 306, 311
Cyphonautes , xxi, xxii, 5, 17, 61, 229, 233–236, 241–243, 254, 255,
259, 261–263, 265, 267–269, 293, 295, 298, 301
Cystid
basal wall , 13, 79, 81, 145
epithelium , 45
lateral wall , 137
transverse wall , 15
Cytokinesis , 55, 244, 271, 301, 308, 309
Cytophore , 13, 15, 90, 103
Cytoplasm , 13, 17–22, 37–40, 42–47, 49, 50, 52, 54–56, 59, 61, 75,
77, 79–83, 85, 88, 96, 102, 230, 244–246, 287, 288, 291, 292,
297, 298, 300, 301, 304, 308–310, 313
Cytoplasmic bridge , 17, 20, 21, 47, 52, 54–56, 61, 79, 244,
308–310, 313
D
Danian , 163, 249
Dedifferentiation , 13, 20, 49, 73
Development rate , 240, 241, 243, 252, 255, 256
Diapedesis , 68
Digestive tract , 71, 235
non-functioning , 235
Diverticulum , 145, 149
Double disc , 139–141, 156, 157, 164, 165
Duplicature , 68, 69
Duration of development , 241–243, 256
E
Ectoderm , 3, 58, 149, 297, 301
Ectooecium , 90, 96, 98–100, 102, 105, 118, 120–123, 125, 133–141,
146, 155, 156, 158, 165, 172–174, 180–182, 184–186,
188–192, 195–198, 200, 201, 205, 220
Egg
activation , 73, 313
enlargement , 233, 241–243, 264, 299
maturation , 240, 297, 303
number , 236, 237, 240, 253, 264, 294
release , 3, 60, 61, 67, 68, 262, 292, 293, 302, 305, 310, 313
size , 231, 233, 236, 240–243, 246, 247, 265, 303
transfer , 62, 63, 250, 312
Embryo
abortion , 311
development , 45, 61, 73, 116, 288, 290, 298, 299, 306, 307
incubation , xix, 4, 5, 45, 46, 58, 72, 92, 124, 125, 148, 150, 161,
163, 165, 250, 283
intracoelomic development , 73
sac , 58, 67, 130, 145, 149, 162, 261, 301–304
Embryogenesis , xii, 43, 61, 71, 94, 229–233, 237, 241–243, 250, 255,
256, 259, 268, 270, 283, 298, 300, 303, 304, 308, 309
Embryonary , 67, 68, 149, 235, 302
Embryonic
development , 5, 41, 43, 57, 241, 245, 249, 250, 255, 270
enlargement , 45, 46, 56, 246, 247, 251, 260, 263, 264
epithelium , 56
growth , 42, 247, 250
increase , xxiii, 246
incubation , xix, xxiii, 4, 41, 115, 149, 201, 229, 235–237,
250–254, 257, 260, 262, 263, 269–271, 301
Embryophore , 36, 40–47, 57, 58, 74, 89, 90, 93–96, 99, 118, 195,
246–248, 251, 263, 264, 286, 288, 292, 294, 296, 300, 301,
303, 306, 310, 311, 313
Endocyst , 2, 288–291, 294
Endocytosis , 18, 54, 58, 311
Endosarc , 2, 290, 291
Endotrophy , 229, 230, 233, 235, 252–271
Entooecium , xx, 90, 96, 98–100, 102, 105, 117, 118, 120–123, 125,
133–141, 146, 155–158, 160, 164, 172–174, 176, 180–182,
184–186, 188–192, 195–201, 205, 220
Eocene , 151, 162, 166, 249, 254, 267, 329, 330
Epibionts , xvii, xix, xx, 244, 265, 266, 272, 284
Epistegal space , 125
Epistege , 147, 185, 289
Epithelial cells
columnar , 45, 46
cubic , 46
fl at , 45, 46, 145
hypertrophied , 42, 46
Epithelium , xxi, 3, 17, 20, 21, 37, 40–43, 45, 47, 51, 54, 56, 57, 66,
117, 235, 287, 288, 291, 292, 295, 296, 299–301, 303, 304,
309–311, 313
cylindrical , 117, 292
Evagination , 117, 125, 134, 140, 145, 150, 263, 304
Exocytosis , 54
Exotrophic larva , xxii, 268
Exotrophy , 230
Explosive radiation , xix, 264
External membranous brood sac , 124, 148–149, 166, 208, 254
Extinction , xix, xxi, 266, 267, 272
Extraembryonic nutrition (EEN) , 3–5, 18, 40–43, 46, 47, 54, 56–59,
64, 74, 93, 95, 99, 115, 150, 158, 229, 235, 242, 245–252, 259,
261, 263, 264, 269–271, 290, 293, 295, 300, 301, 304, 305,
307–309, 311
independent evolution , 249
F
Faecal pellets , 71
Fecundity , 150, 253, 268, 314
Feeding apparatus , 4, 37, 250
Fertilization
early , 59, 60, 74, 243–245, 257
envelope , 2, 3, 42, 44, 47, 48, 59–61, 85, 89, 100, 102, 124,
145, 149, 151, 163, 200, 244, 255, 258, 261, 262, 271,
286, 292, 293, 296, 297, 299, 300, 302, 303, 305–307,
310–312, 314
intracoelomic , 60, 258, 270, 312
Subject Index