xxxi
Sun MA, Wu Z, Shen X, Ren J, Liu X, Liu H, Liu B (2009) The complete mitochondrial genome of Watersipora
subtorquata (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata, Ctenostomata) with phylogenetic consideration of Bryozoa.
Gene 439(1):17–24
Sun MA, Shen X, Liu H, Liu X, Wu Z, Liu B (2011) Complete mitochondrial genome of Tubulipora fl abellaris
(Bryozoa: Stenolaemata): the fi rst representative from the class Stenolaemata with unique gene order.
Mar Genom 4(3):159–165
Tavener-Smith R (1966) Ovicells in fenestrate cryptostomes of the Visean age. J Paleontol 40(1):190–198
Taylor PD (1981) Bryozoa from the Jurassic Portland Beds of England. Palaeontology 24:863–875
Taylor PD (1986a) The ancestrula and early growth pattern in two primitive cheilostome bryozoans: Pyripora
catenularia (Fleming) and Pyriporopsis portlandensis Pohowsky. J Nat Hist 20:101–110
Taylor PD (1986b) Charixa Lang and Spinicharixa gen. nov., cheilostome bryozoans from the Lower
Cretaceous. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist), Geology 40(4):197–222
Taylor PD (1988) Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered by the evolution of a new larval type.
Hist Biol 1:45–64
Taylor PD (1990) Bioimmured ctenostomes from the Jurassic and the origin of the cheilostome Bryozoa.
Palaeontology 33:19–34
Taylor PD (1994) An early cheilostome bryozoan from the Upper Jurassic of Yemen. Neues Jahrb Geol
Paleontol 191:331–344
Taylor PD (1999) Bryozoans. In: Savazzi E (ed) Functional morphology of the invertebrate skeleton.
John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 623–646
Taylor PD (2000) Origin of the modern bryozoan fauna. In: Culver SJ, Rawson PF (eds) Biotic response to
global change. The last 145 million year s . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 195–209
Taylor PD, Curry GB (1985) The earliest known fenestrate bryozoan, with a short review of Lower Ordovician
Bryozoa. Palaeontology 28:147–158
Taylor PD, Ernst A (2008) Bryozoans in transitions: the depauperate and patchy Jurassic biota. Palaeogeogr
Palaeocl 263:9–23
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1988) Mass extinctions and the pattern of bryozoan evolution. In: Larwood GP (ed)
Extinction and survival in the fossil record. Systematics Association special vol 34. Clarendon Press,
Oxford, pp 99–119
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1990) Major evolutionary radiations in the Bryozoa. In: Taylor PD, Larwood GP (eds)
Major evolutionary radiations. Systematics Association special vol 42. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp
209–233
Taylor PD, Michalik J (1991) Cyclostome bryozoans from the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) of the West Carpathians,
Czechoslovakia. Neues Jahrb Geol Paleontol 182:285–302
Temkin MH (1994) Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull 187(2):143–155
Temkin MH (1996) Comparative fertilization biology of gymnolaemate bryozoans. Mar Biol 127(2):329–339
Thomsen E, Håkansson E (1995) Sexual versus asexual dispersal in clonal animals: examples from cheilostome
bryozoans. Paleobiology 21(4):496–508
Thorson G (1950) Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol Rev 25:1–45
Todd JA (2000) The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny. In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC
(eds) Proceedings of the 11th international Bryozoology Association conference. Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute, Republic of Panama, pp 104–135
Valentine JW (2004) On the origin of phyla. The University of Chicago Press, London/Chicago
van Beneden PJ (1845) Recherches sur l’anatomie, la physiologie et le développement des Bryozoaires qui
habitent la cote d’Ostende. Histoire naturelle du genre Pedicellina . N Mem Acad R Belg 19:1–31
Vance R (1973) On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. Am Nat 107:339–352
Viskova LA (1992) Marine post-Palaeozoic bryozoans. Proc Paleontol Inst Russ Acad Sci 250:1–188 [in
Russian with English summary]
Voigt E (1985) The Bryozoa of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In: Nielsen C, Larwood GP (eds) Bryozoa:
Ordovician to recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 329–342
Waeschenbach A, Telford MJ, Porter JS, Littlewood DTJ (2006) The complete mitochondrial genome of
Flustrellidra hispida and the phylogenetic position of Bryozoa among the Metazoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol
40(1):195–207
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DT (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol Phylogenet
Evol 62:718–735
Watts PC, Thorpe JP (2006) Infl uence of contrasting larval developmental types upon the population-genetic
structure of cheilostome bryozoans. Mar Biol 149:1093–1101
Westheide W, Rieger R (2007) Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 1. Einzeller und wirbellose Tiere. Elsevier, Heidelberg
Williamson DI (2001) Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zool J Linn Soc 131(1):111–122
Willmer PG (1990) Invertebrate relationships. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Winnepenninckx B, Van de Peer Y, Backeljau T (1998) Metazoan relationships on the basis of 18s rRNA
sequences: a few years later…. Am Zool 38:888–906
Winston JE (1983) Patterns of growth, reproduction and mortality in bryozoans from the Ross Sea, Antarctica.
Bull Mar Sci 33(3):688–702
Introduction
Sun MA, Wu Z, Shen X, Ren J, Liu X, Liu H, Liu B (2009) The complete mitochondrial genome of Watersipora
subtorquata (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata, Ctenostomata) with phylogenetic consideration of Bryozoa.
Gene 439(1):17–24
Sun MA, Shen X, Liu H, Liu X, Wu Z, Liu B (2011) Complete mitochondrial genome of Tubulipora fl abellaris
(Bryozoa: Stenolaemata): the fi rst representative from the class Stenolaemata with unique gene order.
Mar Genom 4(3):159–165
Tavener-Smith R (1966) Ovicells in fenestrate cryptostomes of the Visean age. J Paleontol 40(1):190–198
Taylor PD (1981) Bryozoa from the Jurassic Portland Beds of England. Palaeontology 24:863–875
Taylor PD (1986a) The ancestrula and early growth pattern in two primitive cheilostome bryozoans: Pyripora
catenularia (Fleming) and Pyriporopsis portlandensis Pohowsky. J Nat Hist 20:101–110
Taylor PD (1986b) Charixa Lang and Spinicharixa gen. nov., cheilostome bryozoans from the Lower
Cretaceous. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist), Geology 40(4):197–222
Taylor PD (1988) Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered by the evolution of a new larval type.
Hist Biol 1:45–64
Taylor PD (1990) Bioimmured ctenostomes from the Jurassic and the origin of the cheilostome Bryozoa.
Palaeontology 33:19–34
Taylor PD (1994) An early cheilostome bryozoan from the Upper Jurassic of Yemen. Neues Jahrb Geol
Paleontol 191:331–344
Taylor PD (1999) Bryozoans. In: Savazzi E (ed) Functional morphology of the invertebrate skeleton.
John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 623–646
Taylor PD (2000) Origin of the modern bryozoan fauna. In: Culver SJ, Rawson PF (eds) Biotic response to
global change. The last 145 million year s . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 195–209
Taylor PD, Curry GB (1985) The earliest known fenestrate bryozoan, with a short review of Lower Ordovician
Bryozoa. Palaeontology 28:147–158
Taylor PD, Ernst A (2008) Bryozoans in transitions: the depauperate and patchy Jurassic biota. Palaeogeogr
Palaeocl 263:9–23
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1988) Mass extinctions and the pattern of bryozoan evolution. In: Larwood GP (ed)
Extinction and survival in the fossil record. Systematics Association special vol 34. Clarendon Press,
Oxford, pp 99–119
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1990) Major evolutionary radiations in the Bryozoa. In: Taylor PD, Larwood GP (eds)
Major evolutionary radiations. Systematics Association special vol 42. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp
209–233
Taylor PD, Michalik J (1991) Cyclostome bryozoans from the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) of the West Carpathians,
Czechoslovakia. Neues Jahrb Geol Paleontol 182:285–302
Temkin MH (1994) Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull 187(2):143–155
Temkin MH (1996) Comparative fertilization biology of gymnolaemate bryozoans. Mar Biol 127(2):329–339
Thomsen E, Håkansson E (1995) Sexual versus asexual dispersal in clonal animals: examples from cheilostome
bryozoans. Paleobiology 21(4):496–508
Thorson G (1950) Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol Rev 25:1–45
Todd JA (2000) The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny. In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC
(eds) Proceedings of the 11th international Bryozoology Association conference. Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute, Republic of Panama, pp 104–135
Valentine JW (2004) On the origin of phyla. The University of Chicago Press, London/Chicago
van Beneden PJ (1845) Recherches sur l’anatomie, la physiologie et le développement des Bryozoaires qui
habitent la cote d’Ostende. Histoire naturelle du genre Pedicellina . N Mem Acad R Belg 19:1–31
Vance R (1973) On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. Am Nat 107:339–352
Viskova LA (1992) Marine post-Palaeozoic bryozoans. Proc Paleontol Inst Russ Acad Sci 250:1–188 [in
Russian with English summary]
Voigt E (1985) The Bryozoa of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In: Nielsen C, Larwood GP (eds) Bryozoa:
Ordovician to recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 329–342
Waeschenbach A, Telford MJ, Porter JS, Littlewood DTJ (2006) The complete mitochondrial genome of
Flustrellidra hispida and the phylogenetic position of Bryozoa among the Metazoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol
40(1):195–207
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DT (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol Phylogenet
Evol 62:718–735
Watts PC, Thorpe JP (2006) Infl uence of contrasting larval developmental types upon the population-genetic
structure of cheilostome bryozoans. Mar Biol 149:1093–1101
Westheide W, Rieger R (2007) Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 1. Einzeller und wirbellose Tiere. Elsevier, Heidelberg
Williamson DI (2001) Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zool J Linn Soc 131(1):111–122
Willmer PG (1990) Invertebrate relationships. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Winnepenninckx B, Van de Peer Y, Backeljau T (1998) Metazoan relationships on the basis of 18s rRNA
sequences: a few years later…. Am Zool 38:888–906
Winston JE (1983) Patterns of growth, reproduction and mortality in bryozoans from the Ross Sea, Antarctica.
Bull Mar Sci 33(3):688–702
Introduction