xxx
Ruppert EE, Barnes RD (1994) Invertebrate zoology, 6th edn. Saunders College Publishing/Harcourt Brace and
Company, Orlando
Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004) Invertebrate zoology. A functional evolutionary approach, 7th edn.
Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont
Ryland JS (1967) Polyzoa. Oceanogr Mar Biol 5:343–369
Ryland JS (1970) Bryozoans. Hutchinson University Library, London
Ryland JS (1976) Physiology and ecology of marine bryozoans. In: Russell FS, Yonge CM (eds) Advances in
marine biology, vol 14. Academic Press, London/New York, pp 285–443
Ryland JS (1979) Structural and physiological aspects of coloniality in Bryozoa. In: Larwood GP, Rosen BR
(eds) Biology and systematics of colonial organisms: Systematics Association special vol 11. Academic
Press, London, New York, pp 211–242
Ryland JS (1982) Bryozoa. In: Encyclopedia of science and technology, 5th edn. McGraw- Hill, New York, pp
458–466
Ryland JS (2005) Bryozoa: an introductory overview. In: Woess E (ed) Moostiere (Bryozoa). Denisia vol 16,
NS 28. Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz, pp 9–20
Salvini-Plawen L von (1982) A paedomorphic origin of the oligomerous animals? Zool Scr 11:77–81
Schäfer P (1991) Brutkammern der Stenolaemata (Bryozoa): Konstructionsmorphologie und phylogenetische
Bedeutung. Cour Forsch Senck 136:1–263
Schcerbakov DE (2008) Madygen, Triassic Lagerstätte number one, before and after Sharov. Alavesia 2:
113–124
Schmidt-Rhaesa A (2007) The evolution of organ systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Schneider A (1869) Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematischen Stellung der Bryozoen und Gephyreen.
Arch Mikrosk Anat 5B:260–279
Schram FR (1991) Cladistic analysis of metazoan phyla and the placement of fossil problematica. In: Simonetta
AM, Conway Morris S (eds) The early evolution of Metazoa and the signifi cance of problematic taxa.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 35–46
Seed R, Hughes RN (1992) Reproductive strategies of epialgal bryozoans. Invertebr Reprod Dev
22(1–3):291–300
Sepkoski JJ, McKinney FK, Lidgard S (2000) Competitive displacement among post- Paleozoic cyclostome and
cheilostome bryozoans. Paleobiology 26(1):7–18
Sheltema RS (1971) Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shallow-water benthic marine gastropods. Biol Bull 140:284–322
Shen X, Tian M, Meng X, Liu H, Cheng H, Zhu C, Zhao F (2012) Complete mitochondrial genome of
Membranipora grandicella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) determined with next-generation sequencing: the
fi rst representative of the suborder Malacostegina. Comp Biochem Physiol D Genomic Proteomic
7(3):248–253
Silén L (1942) Origin and development of the cheilo-ctenostomatous stem of Bryozoa. Zool Bidr Upps
22:1–59
Silén L (1944) The anatomy of Labiostomella gisleni Silén (Bryozoa Protocheilostomata). Kongl Svenska
Vetensk-Akad Handl, 3 Ser, 21:1–111
Sinervo B, McEdward LR (1988) Developmental consequences of an evolutionary change in egg size: an
experimental test. Evolution 42(5):885–899
Smith AB (1997) Echinoderm larvae and phylogeny. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:219–241
Smith CC, Fretwell SD (1974) The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. Am Nat
108(962):499–506
Sørensen MV, Funch P, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Olesen J (2000) On the phylogeny of the Metazoa in the light
of Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa. Zool Anz 239:297–318
Southwood DA (1985) Ovicells in some Fenestrata from the Permian of N. E. England. In: Nielsen C, Larwood
GP (eds) Bryozoa: Ordovician to recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 301–310
Strathmann RR (1977) Egg size, larval development and juvenile size in benthic marine invertebrates. Am Nat
111(978):373–376
Strathmann RR (1978) The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates. Evolution
32(4):894–906
Strathmann RR (1985) Feeding and non-feeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16:339–361
Strathmann RR (1986) What controls the type of larval development? Summary statement for the evolution
session. Bull Mar Sci 39(2):616–622
Strathmann RR (1993) Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:89–117
Strathmann RR (2007) Three functionally distinct kinds of pelagic development. Bull Mar Sci 81:167–179
Stratton JF (1975) Ovicells in Fenestella from the Speed Member, North Vernon Limestone (Eifelian, Middle
Devonian) in Southern Indiana, U.S.A. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS
3(1):169–177
Stratton JF (1981) Apparent ovicells and associated structures in the fenestrate bryozoan Polypora shumardii
Prout. J Paleontol 55(4):880–884
Introduction
Ruppert EE, Barnes RD (1994) Invertebrate zoology, 6th edn. Saunders College Publishing/Harcourt Brace and
Company, Orlando
Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004) Invertebrate zoology. A functional evolutionary approach, 7th edn.
Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont
Ryland JS (1967) Polyzoa. Oceanogr Mar Biol 5:343–369
Ryland JS (1970) Bryozoans. Hutchinson University Library, London
Ryland JS (1976) Physiology and ecology of marine bryozoans. In: Russell FS, Yonge CM (eds) Advances in
marine biology, vol 14. Academic Press, London/New York, pp 285–443
Ryland JS (1979) Structural and physiological aspects of coloniality in Bryozoa. In: Larwood GP, Rosen BR
(eds) Biology and systematics of colonial organisms: Systematics Association special vol 11. Academic
Press, London, New York, pp 211–242
Ryland JS (1982) Bryozoa. In: Encyclopedia of science and technology, 5th edn. McGraw- Hill, New York, pp
458–466
Ryland JS (2005) Bryozoa: an introductory overview. In: Woess E (ed) Moostiere (Bryozoa). Denisia vol 16,
NS 28. Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz, pp 9–20
Salvini-Plawen L von (1982) A paedomorphic origin of the oligomerous animals? Zool Scr 11:77–81
Schäfer P (1991) Brutkammern der Stenolaemata (Bryozoa): Konstructionsmorphologie und phylogenetische
Bedeutung. Cour Forsch Senck 136:1–263
Schcerbakov DE (2008) Madygen, Triassic Lagerstätte number one, before and after Sharov. Alavesia 2:
113–124
Schmidt-Rhaesa A (2007) The evolution of organ systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Schneider A (1869) Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte und systematischen Stellung der Bryozoen und Gephyreen.
Arch Mikrosk Anat 5B:260–279
Schram FR (1991) Cladistic analysis of metazoan phyla and the placement of fossil problematica. In: Simonetta
AM, Conway Morris S (eds) The early evolution of Metazoa and the signifi cance of problematic taxa.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 35–46
Seed R, Hughes RN (1992) Reproductive strategies of epialgal bryozoans. Invertebr Reprod Dev
22(1–3):291–300
Sepkoski JJ, McKinney FK, Lidgard S (2000) Competitive displacement among post- Paleozoic cyclostome and
cheilostome bryozoans. Paleobiology 26(1):7–18
Sheltema RS (1971) Larval dispersal as a means of genetic exchange between geographically separated populations of shallow-water benthic marine gastropods. Biol Bull 140:284–322
Shen X, Tian M, Meng X, Liu H, Cheng H, Zhu C, Zhao F (2012) Complete mitochondrial genome of
Membranipora grandicella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) determined with next-generation sequencing: the
fi rst representative of the suborder Malacostegina. Comp Biochem Physiol D Genomic Proteomic
7(3):248–253
Silén L (1942) Origin and development of the cheilo-ctenostomatous stem of Bryozoa. Zool Bidr Upps
22:1–59
Silén L (1944) The anatomy of Labiostomella gisleni Silén (Bryozoa Protocheilostomata). Kongl Svenska
Vetensk-Akad Handl, 3 Ser, 21:1–111
Sinervo B, McEdward LR (1988) Developmental consequences of an evolutionary change in egg size: an
experimental test. Evolution 42(5):885–899
Smith AB (1997) Echinoderm larvae and phylogeny. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:219–241
Smith CC, Fretwell SD (1974) The optimal balance between size and number of offspring. Am Nat
108(962):499–506
Sørensen MV, Funch P, Willerslev E, Hansen AJ, Olesen J (2000) On the phylogeny of the Metazoa in the light
of Cycliophora and Micrognathozoa. Zool Anz 239:297–318
Southwood DA (1985) Ovicells in some Fenestrata from the Permian of N. E. England. In: Nielsen C, Larwood
GP (eds) Bryozoa: Ordovician to recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 301–310
Strathmann RR (1977) Egg size, larval development and juvenile size in benthic marine invertebrates. Am Nat
111(978):373–376
Strathmann RR (1978) The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates. Evolution
32(4):894–906
Strathmann RR (1985) Feeding and non-feeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16:339–361
Strathmann RR (1986) What controls the type of larval development? Summary statement for the evolution
session. Bull Mar Sci 39(2):616–622
Strathmann RR (1993) Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:89–117
Strathmann RR (2007) Three functionally distinct kinds of pelagic development. Bull Mar Sci 81:167–179
Stratton JF (1975) Ovicells in Fenestella from the Speed Member, North Vernon Limestone (Eifelian, Middle
Devonian) in Southern Indiana, U.S.A. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS
3(1):169–177
Stratton JF (1981) Apparent ovicells and associated structures in the fenestrate bryozoan Polypora shumardii
Prout. J Paleontol 55(4):880–884
Introduction