xxix
Nielsen C (2013) Life cycle evolution: was the eumetazoan ancestor a holopelagic, planktotrophic gastraea?
BMC Evol Biol 13(1):1–18
O’Dea A (2006) Asexual propagation in the marine bryozoan Cupuladria exfragminis . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
335:312–322
O’Dea A, Herrera-Cubilla A, Fortunato H, Jackson JBC (2004) Life history variation in cupuladriid bryozoans
from either side of the Istmus of Panama. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 280:145–161
O’Dea A, Jackson JBC, Taylor PD, Rodríguez F (2008) Modes of reproduction in recent and fossil cupuladriid
bryozoans. Palaeontology 51:847–864
O’Dea A, Ostrovsky AN, Rodrígues F (2010) Embryonic brooding and clonal propagation in tropical eastern
Pacifi c cupuladriid bryozoans. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 90:291–299
Ostroumoff A (1886a) Contribition à l’étude zoologique et morphologique des Bryozoaires du Golfe de
Sebastopol. Arch Slav Biol 1:557–569
Ostroumoff A (1886b) Contribition à l’étude zoologique et morphologique des Bryozoaires du Golfe de
Sebastopol. Arch Slav Biol 2:8–25, 184–190, 329–355
Ostroumoff A (1886c) Research on bryozoans of the Sebastopol Bay in systematic and morphological respects.
Works Soc Nat Imp Kazan Univ 16(2):1–124 [In Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1991) Bryozoa (Cyclostomata) of the Fish Tail Bay (Mawson Sea). Inf Bull Sov Ant Exped
116:55–62 [in Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1995) Evolution of erect colony construction in some groups of tubuliporids (Bryozoa,
Stenolaemata): examples from the Antarctic fauna. PhD dissertation, St Petersburg State University [in
Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1997) Rejuvenation in colonies of some Antarctic tubuliporids (Bryozoa: Stenolaemata).
Ophelia 46(3):175–185
Ostrovsky AN (1998a) Variability of ooeciostome shape and position in Antarctic idmidroniform bryozoans
(Bryozoa: Tubuliporida). Zool Anz 237(2–3):97–106
Ostrovsky AN (1998b) The genus Anguisia as a model of a possible origin of erect growth in some
Cyclostomatida (Bryozoa). Zool J Linn Soc 124(4):355–367
Ostrovsky AN (2009) Evolution of sexual reproduction in the bryozoan order Cheilostomata (Gymnolaemata).
St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg [in Russian with English summary]
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD (1996) Systematics of some Antarctic Idmidronea and Exidmonea (Bryozoa:
Cyclostomata). J Nat Hist 30:1549–1575
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD, Dick MH, Mawatari SF (2008) Pre-Cenomanian cheilostome Bryozoa: current state
of knowledge. In: Okada H, Mawatari SF, Suzuki N, Gautam P (eds) Origin and evolution of natural diversity, Proceedings of the international symposium, Sapporo, pp 69–74
Pallas PS (1766) Elenhus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum
succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymus. P van Gleef, Hagae
Passamaneck YJ, Halanych KM (2004) Evidence from Hox genes that bryozoans are lophotrochozoans. Evol
Dev 6(4):275–281
Passamaneck YJ, Halanych KM (2006) Lophotrochozoan phylogeny assessed with LSU and SSU data: evidence of lophophorate polyphyly. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:20–28
Pechenik JA (1999) On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stage in benthic marine invertebrate life
cycles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 177:269–297
Peterson KJ (2005) Macroevolutionary interplay between planktic larvae and benthic predators. Geology
33(12):929–932
Peterson KJ, Eernisse DJ (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Evol Dev 3:170–205
Philippe H, Brinkmann H, Copley RR, Moroz LL, Nakano H, Poustka AJ, Wallberg A, Peterson KJ Telford MJ
(2011) Acoelomorph fl atworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella . Nature 470(7333):255–258
Pianka ER (1999) Evolutionary ecology, 6th edn. Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, New York
Pohowsky RA (1973) A Jurassic cheilostome from England. In: Larwood GP (ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa:
recent advances in research. Academic Press, London, pp 447–461
Porter JS, Ryland JS, Carvalho GR (2002) Micro- and macrogeographic genetic structure in bryozoans with
different larval strategies. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 272:119–130
Poulin É, Féral J-P (1994) The fi ction and the facts of Antarctic brood protecting: population genetics and
evolution of schizasterid echinoids. In: David B, Guille A, Féral J-P, Roux M (eds) Echinoderms through
time. AA Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 837–844
Poulin É, Féral J-P (1996) Why are there so many species of brooding Antarctic echinoids? Evolution
50(2):820–830
Raff RA (1996) The shape of life. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London
Raven CP (1961) Oogenesis: the storage of developmental information . Pergamon Press, New York
Reed CG (1991) Bryozoa. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol
6. Echinoderms and lophophorates. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 85–245
Remane A, Storch V, Welsch U (1989) Kurzes Lehrbuch der Zoologie. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart/New
York
Rouse GW (1999) Trochophore concepts: ciliary bands and the evolution of larvae in spiralian Metazoa. Biol J
Lin Soc 66: 411–464
Introduction
Nielsen C (2013) Life cycle evolution: was the eumetazoan ancestor a holopelagic, planktotrophic gastraea?
BMC Evol Biol 13(1):1–18
O’Dea A (2006) Asexual propagation in the marine bryozoan Cupuladria exfragminis . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
335:312–322
O’Dea A, Herrera-Cubilla A, Fortunato H, Jackson JBC (2004) Life history variation in cupuladriid bryozoans
from either side of the Istmus of Panama. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 280:145–161
O’Dea A, Jackson JBC, Taylor PD, Rodríguez F (2008) Modes of reproduction in recent and fossil cupuladriid
bryozoans. Palaeontology 51:847–864
O’Dea A, Ostrovsky AN, Rodrígues F (2010) Embryonic brooding and clonal propagation in tropical eastern
Pacifi c cupuladriid bryozoans. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 90:291–299
Ostroumoff A (1886a) Contribition à l’étude zoologique et morphologique des Bryozoaires du Golfe de
Sebastopol. Arch Slav Biol 1:557–569
Ostroumoff A (1886b) Contribition à l’étude zoologique et morphologique des Bryozoaires du Golfe de
Sebastopol. Arch Slav Biol 2:8–25, 184–190, 329–355
Ostroumoff A (1886c) Research on bryozoans of the Sebastopol Bay in systematic and morphological respects.
Works Soc Nat Imp Kazan Univ 16(2):1–124 [In Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1991) Bryozoa (Cyclostomata) of the Fish Tail Bay (Mawson Sea). Inf Bull Sov Ant Exped
116:55–62 [in Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1995) Evolution of erect colony construction in some groups of tubuliporids (Bryozoa,
Stenolaemata): examples from the Antarctic fauna. PhD dissertation, St Petersburg State University [in
Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1997) Rejuvenation in colonies of some Antarctic tubuliporids (Bryozoa: Stenolaemata).
Ophelia 46(3):175–185
Ostrovsky AN (1998a) Variability of ooeciostome shape and position in Antarctic idmidroniform bryozoans
(Bryozoa: Tubuliporida). Zool Anz 237(2–3):97–106
Ostrovsky AN (1998b) The genus Anguisia as a model of a possible origin of erect growth in some
Cyclostomatida (Bryozoa). Zool J Linn Soc 124(4):355–367
Ostrovsky AN (2009) Evolution of sexual reproduction in the bryozoan order Cheilostomata (Gymnolaemata).
St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg [in Russian with English summary]
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD (1996) Systematics of some Antarctic Idmidronea and Exidmonea (Bryozoa:
Cyclostomata). J Nat Hist 30:1549–1575
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD, Dick MH, Mawatari SF (2008) Pre-Cenomanian cheilostome Bryozoa: current state
of knowledge. In: Okada H, Mawatari SF, Suzuki N, Gautam P (eds) Origin and evolution of natural diversity, Proceedings of the international symposium, Sapporo, pp 69–74
Pallas PS (1766) Elenhus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum
succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymus. P van Gleef, Hagae
Passamaneck YJ, Halanych KM (2004) Evidence from Hox genes that bryozoans are lophotrochozoans. Evol
Dev 6(4):275–281
Passamaneck YJ, Halanych KM (2006) Lophotrochozoan phylogeny assessed with LSU and SSU data: evidence of lophophorate polyphyly. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40:20–28
Pechenik JA (1999) On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stage in benthic marine invertebrate life
cycles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 177:269–297
Peterson KJ (2005) Macroevolutionary interplay between planktic larvae and benthic predators. Geology
33(12):929–932
Peterson KJ, Eernisse DJ (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Evol Dev 3:170–205
Philippe H, Brinkmann H, Copley RR, Moroz LL, Nakano H, Poustka AJ, Wallberg A, Peterson KJ Telford MJ
(2011) Acoelomorph fl atworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella . Nature 470(7333):255–258
Pianka ER (1999) Evolutionary ecology, 6th edn. Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, New York
Pohowsky RA (1973) A Jurassic cheilostome from England. In: Larwood GP (ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa:
recent advances in research. Academic Press, London, pp 447–461
Porter JS, Ryland JS, Carvalho GR (2002) Micro- and macrogeographic genetic structure in bryozoans with
different larval strategies. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 272:119–130
Poulin É, Féral J-P (1994) The fi ction and the facts of Antarctic brood protecting: population genetics and
evolution of schizasterid echinoids. In: David B, Guille A, Féral J-P, Roux M (eds) Echinoderms through
time. AA Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 837–844
Poulin É, Féral J-P (1996) Why are there so many species of brooding Antarctic echinoids? Evolution
50(2):820–830
Raff RA (1996) The shape of life. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/London
Raven CP (1961) Oogenesis: the storage of developmental information . Pergamon Press, New York
Reed CG (1991) Bryozoa. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol
6. Echinoderms and lophophorates. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 85–245
Remane A, Storch V, Welsch U (1989) Kurzes Lehrbuch der Zoologie. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart/New
York
Rouse GW (1999) Trochophore concepts: ciliary bands and the evolution of larvae in spiralian Metazoa. Biol J
Lin Soc 66: 411–464
Introduction