281
Southwood DA (1985) Ovicells in some Fenestrata from the Permian of
N. E. England. In: Nielsen C, Larwood GP (eds) Bryozoa:
Ordovician to recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 301–310
Spight TM (1975) Factors infl uencing gastropod embryonic development
and their selective cost. Oecologia 21:1–16
Stach LW (1938) Observation on Carbasea indivisa Busk (Bryozoa).
Proc Zool Soc Lond B 108(3):389–399
Stewart JR (1992) Placental structure and nutritional provision to
embryos in predominantly lecithotrophic viviparous reptiles. Am
Zool 32:303–312
Stewart JR, Thompson MB (2000) Evolution of placentation among
squamate reptiles: recent research and future directions. Comp
Biochem Phys A 127:411–431
Strathmann RR (1975) Larval feeding in echinoderms. Am Zool
15:717–730
Strathmann RR (1977) Egg size, larval development and juvenile size
in benthic marine invertebrates. Am Nat 111(978):373–376
Strathmann RR (1978a) The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages
of marine invertebrates. Evolution 32(4):894–906
Strathmann RR (1978b) Progressive vacating of adaptive types during
Phanerozoic. Evolution 32(4):906–914
Strathmann RR (1980) Why does a larva swim so long? Paleobiology
6(4):373–376
Strathmann RR (1985) Feeding and non-feeding larval development
and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol
Syst 16:339–361
Strathmann RR (1986) What controls the type of larval development?
Summary statement for the evolution session. Bull Mar Sci
39(2):616–622
Strathmann RR (1990) Why life histories evolve differently in the sea.
Am Zool 30:197–207
Strathmann RR (1993) Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae.
Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:89–117
Strathmann RR, Eernisse DJ (1994) What molecular phylogenies tell us
about evolution of larval morphology. Am Zool 34:502–512
Strathmann RR, Strathmann MF (1982) The relationship between
adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates. Am Nat
119:91–102
Strathmann RR, Vedder K (1977) Size and organic content of eggs of
echinoderms and other invertebrates as related to developmental
strategies and egg eating. Mar Biol 39(4):305–309
Strathmann RR, Strathmann MF, Emson RH (1984) Does limited brood
capacity link adult size, brooding and simultaneous hermaphroditism?
A test with the starfi sh Asterina phylactica . Am Nat 123:796–818
Strathmann RR, Fenaux L, Strathmann MF (1992) Heterochronic
developmental plasticity in larval sea urchins and its implications
for the evolution of nonfeeding larvae. Evolution 46:972–986
Stratton JF (1975) Ovicells in Fenestella from the Speed Member,
North Vernon Limestone (Eifelian, Middle Devonian) in Southern
Indiana, U.S.A. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac
Sci Lyon, HS 3(1):169–177
Stratton JF (1981) Apparent ovicells and associated structures in the fenestrate bryozoan Polypora shumardii Prout. J Paleontol 55(4):880–884
Ström R (1969) Sexual reproduction in a stoloniferous bryozoan,
Triticella koreni (G.O. Sars). Zool Bidr Uppsala 38:113–127
Ström R (1977) Brooding patterns of bryozoans. In: Woollacott RM,
Zimmer RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press,
New York, pp 23–56
Summers K, McKeon CS, Heying H (2006) The evolution of parental
care and egg size: a comparative analysis in frogs. Proc R Soc B
273:687–692
Swiderski Z, Xylander WER (2000) Vitellocytes and vitellogenesis in
cestodes in relation to embryonic development, egg production and
life cycle. Int J Parasitol 30:805–817
Taylor PD (1986a) The ancestrula and early growth pattern in
two primitive cheilostome bryozoans: Pyripora catenularia
(Fleming) and Pyriporopsis portlandensis Pohowsky. J Nat Hist
20:101–110
Taylor PD (1986b) Charixa Lang and Spinicharixa gen. nov., cheilostome bryozoans from the Lower Cretaceous. Bull Br Mus (Nat
Hist) Geol 40(4):197–222
Taylor PD (1988a) Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered
by the evolution of a new larval type. Hist Biol 1:45–64
Taylor PD (1988b) Colony growth pattern and astogenetic gradients in
the Cretaceous cheilostome bryozoan Herpetopora . Palaeontology
31(2):519–549
Taylor PD (1994) An early cheilostome bryozoan from the Upper Jurassic
of Yemen. Neues Jahrb Geol P-A 191:331–344
Taylor PD (2000) Origin of the modern bryozoan fauna. In: Culver SJ,
Rawson PF (eds) Biotic response to global change. The last 145
million years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp
195–209
Taylor PD, Ernst A (2004) Bryozoans. In: Webby BD, Paris F, Droser
ML, Percival IG (eds) The great Ordovician diversifi cation event.
Columbia University Press, New York, pp 147–156
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1988) Mass extinctions and the pattern of
bryozoan evolution. In: Larwood GP (ed) Extinction and survival in
the fossil record. Systematics association special, vol 34. Clarendon
Press, Oxford, pp 99–119
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1990) Major evolutionary radiations in the
Bryozoa. In: Taylor PD, Larwood GP (eds) Major evolutionary
radiations. Systematics association special, vol 42. Clarendon Press,
Oxford, pp 209–233
Taylor PD, McKinney FK (2002) Brooding in the Cretaceous bryozoan
Stichomicropora and the origin of ovicells in cheilostomes. In:
Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds) Bryozoan
studies 2001. AA Balkema Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/Exton/
Tokyo, pp 307–314
Taylor PD, Michalik J (1991) Cyclostome bryozoans from the Late
Triassic (Rhaetian) of the West Carpathians, Czechoslovakia. Neues
Jahrb Geol P-A 182:285–302
Taylor PD, Monks N (1997) A new cheilostome genus pseudoplanktonic on molluscs and algae. Invert Biol 116(1):39–51
Temkin MH (1994) Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull
187(2):143–155
Temkin MH (1996) Comparative fertilization biology of gymnolaemate
bryozoans. Mar Biol 127(2):329–339
Thompson RJ (1983) The relationship between food rations and reproductive effort in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis . Oecologia 56:50–57
Thorson G (1950) Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom
invertebrates. Biol Rev 25:1–45
Todd JA (2000) The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny.
In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC (eds) Proceedings of the 11th
international bryozoology association conference. Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, Panama, pp 104–135
Todd CD, Doyle RW (1981) Reproductive strategies of marine invertebrates: a settlement timing hypothesis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 4:75–83
Tompa AS (1984) Land snails (Stylommatophora). In: Wilbur KM,
Tompa AS, Verdonk NH, Van Den Biggelaar JAM (eds) The
Mollusca, vol 7, Reproduction. Academic Press, Orlando/San
Diego/San Francisco/New York/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/
Tokyo/Sao Paulo, pp 47–140
Toolson EC (1985) Uptake of leucine and water by Centruroides sculpturatus (Ewing) embryos (Scorpiones, Buthidae). J Arachnol
13:303–310
Tsyganov-Bodounov A, Hayward PJ, Porter JS, Skibinski DOF (2009)
Bayesian phylogenetics of Bryozoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol
52:904–910
Turner CL (1940) Pseudoamnion, pseudochorion, and follicular pseudoplacenta in poeciliid fi shes. J Morphol 67:59–89
References
Southwood DA (1985) Ovicells in some Fenestrata from the Permian of
N. E. England. In: Nielsen C, Larwood GP (eds) Bryozoa:
Ordovician to recent. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 301–310
Spight TM (1975) Factors infl uencing gastropod embryonic development
and their selective cost. Oecologia 21:1–16
Stach LW (1938) Observation on Carbasea indivisa Busk (Bryozoa).
Proc Zool Soc Lond B 108(3):389–399
Stewart JR (1992) Placental structure and nutritional provision to
embryos in predominantly lecithotrophic viviparous reptiles. Am
Zool 32:303–312
Stewart JR, Thompson MB (2000) Evolution of placentation among
squamate reptiles: recent research and future directions. Comp
Biochem Phys A 127:411–431
Strathmann RR (1975) Larval feeding in echinoderms. Am Zool
15:717–730
Strathmann RR (1977) Egg size, larval development and juvenile size
in benthic marine invertebrates. Am Nat 111(978):373–376
Strathmann RR (1978a) The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages
of marine invertebrates. Evolution 32(4):894–906
Strathmann RR (1978b) Progressive vacating of adaptive types during
Phanerozoic. Evolution 32(4):906–914
Strathmann RR (1980) Why does a larva swim so long? Paleobiology
6(4):373–376
Strathmann RR (1985) Feeding and non-feeding larval development
and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol
Syst 16:339–361
Strathmann RR (1986) What controls the type of larval development?
Summary statement for the evolution session. Bull Mar Sci
39(2):616–622
Strathmann RR (1990) Why life histories evolve differently in the sea.
Am Zool 30:197–207
Strathmann RR (1993) Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae.
Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:89–117
Strathmann RR, Eernisse DJ (1994) What molecular phylogenies tell us
about evolution of larval morphology. Am Zool 34:502–512
Strathmann RR, Strathmann MF (1982) The relationship between
adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates. Am Nat
119:91–102
Strathmann RR, Vedder K (1977) Size and organic content of eggs of
echinoderms and other invertebrates as related to developmental
strategies and egg eating. Mar Biol 39(4):305–309
Strathmann RR, Strathmann MF, Emson RH (1984) Does limited brood
capacity link adult size, brooding and simultaneous hermaphroditism?
A test with the starfi sh Asterina phylactica . Am Nat 123:796–818
Strathmann RR, Fenaux L, Strathmann MF (1992) Heterochronic
developmental plasticity in larval sea urchins and its implications
for the evolution of nonfeeding larvae. Evolution 46:972–986
Stratton JF (1975) Ovicells in Fenestella from the Speed Member,
North Vernon Limestone (Eifelian, Middle Devonian) in Southern
Indiana, U.S.A. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac
Sci Lyon, HS 3(1):169–177
Stratton JF (1981) Apparent ovicells and associated structures in the fenestrate bryozoan Polypora shumardii Prout. J Paleontol 55(4):880–884
Ström R (1969) Sexual reproduction in a stoloniferous bryozoan,
Triticella koreni (G.O. Sars). Zool Bidr Uppsala 38:113–127
Ström R (1977) Brooding patterns of bryozoans. In: Woollacott RM,
Zimmer RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press,
New York, pp 23–56
Summers K, McKeon CS, Heying H (2006) The evolution of parental
care and egg size: a comparative analysis in frogs. Proc R Soc B
273:687–692
Swiderski Z, Xylander WER (2000) Vitellocytes and vitellogenesis in
cestodes in relation to embryonic development, egg production and
life cycle. Int J Parasitol 30:805–817
Taylor PD (1986a) The ancestrula and early growth pattern in
two primitive cheilostome bryozoans: Pyripora catenularia
(Fleming) and Pyriporopsis portlandensis Pohowsky. J Nat Hist
20:101–110
Taylor PD (1986b) Charixa Lang and Spinicharixa gen. nov., cheilostome bryozoans from the Lower Cretaceous. Bull Br Mus (Nat
Hist) Geol 40(4):197–222
Taylor PD (1988a) Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered
by the evolution of a new larval type. Hist Biol 1:45–64
Taylor PD (1988b) Colony growth pattern and astogenetic gradients in
the Cretaceous cheilostome bryozoan Herpetopora . Palaeontology
31(2):519–549
Taylor PD (1994) An early cheilostome bryozoan from the Upper Jurassic
of Yemen. Neues Jahrb Geol P-A 191:331–344
Taylor PD (2000) Origin of the modern bryozoan fauna. In: Culver SJ,
Rawson PF (eds) Biotic response to global change. The last 145
million years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp
195–209
Taylor PD, Ernst A (2004) Bryozoans. In: Webby BD, Paris F, Droser
ML, Percival IG (eds) The great Ordovician diversifi cation event.
Columbia University Press, New York, pp 147–156
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1988) Mass extinctions and the pattern of
bryozoan evolution. In: Larwood GP (ed) Extinction and survival in
the fossil record. Systematics association special, vol 34. Clarendon
Press, Oxford, pp 99–119
Taylor PD, Larwood GP (1990) Major evolutionary radiations in the
Bryozoa. In: Taylor PD, Larwood GP (eds) Major evolutionary
radiations. Systematics association special, vol 42. Clarendon Press,
Oxford, pp 209–233
Taylor PD, McKinney FK (2002) Brooding in the Cretaceous bryozoan
Stichomicropora and the origin of ovicells in cheilostomes. In:
Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds) Bryozoan
studies 2001. AA Balkema Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/Exton/
Tokyo, pp 307–314
Taylor PD, Michalik J (1991) Cyclostome bryozoans from the Late
Triassic (Rhaetian) of the West Carpathians, Czechoslovakia. Neues
Jahrb Geol P-A 182:285–302
Taylor PD, Monks N (1997) A new cheilostome genus pseudoplanktonic on molluscs and algae. Invert Biol 116(1):39–51
Temkin MH (1994) Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull
187(2):143–155
Temkin MH (1996) Comparative fertilization biology of gymnolaemate
bryozoans. Mar Biol 127(2):329–339
Thompson RJ (1983) The relationship between food rations and reproductive effort in the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis . Oecologia 56:50–57
Thorson G (1950) Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom
invertebrates. Biol Rev 25:1–45
Todd JA (2000) The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny.
In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC (eds) Proceedings of the 11th
international bryozoology association conference. Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, Panama, pp 104–135
Todd CD, Doyle RW (1981) Reproductive strategies of marine invertebrates: a settlement timing hypothesis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 4:75–83
Tompa AS (1984) Land snails (Stylommatophora). In: Wilbur KM,
Tompa AS, Verdonk NH, Van Den Biggelaar JAM (eds) The
Mollusca, vol 7, Reproduction. Academic Press, Orlando/San
Diego/San Francisco/New York/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/
Tokyo/Sao Paulo, pp 47–140
Toolson EC (1985) Uptake of leucine and water by Centruroides sculpturatus (Ewing) embryos (Scorpiones, Buthidae). J Arachnol
13:303–310
Tsyganov-Bodounov A, Hayward PJ, Porter JS, Skibinski DOF (2009)
Bayesian phylogenetics of Bryozoa. Mol Phylogenet Evol
52:904–910
Turner CL (1940) Pseudoamnion, pseudochorion, and follicular pseudoplacenta in poeciliid fi shes. J Morphol 67:59–89
References