282
Underwood AJ (1974) On models on reproductive strategy in benthic
marine invertebrates. Am Nat 108:874–878
Valentine JW (1986) The Permian-Triassic extinction event and invertebrate developmental modes. Bull Mar Sci 39(2):607–615
Valentine JW, Jablonski D (1983) Larval adaptations and patterns
in brachiopod diversity in space and time. Evolution
37(5):1052–1061
van Beneden PJ (1844) Recherches sur l’organisation des Laguncula et
l’histoire naturelle des différents polypes Bryozoaires qui habitent
la côte d’Ostende. Nouv Mem Acad R Sci Belles Lettr Bruxelles
18:1–29
Vance R (1973) On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. Am Nat 107:339–352
Vermeij GJ (1977) The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from
snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 3:245–258
Villinski JT, Villinski JC, Byrne V, Raff RA (2002) Convergent maternal provisioning and life-history evolution in echinoderms.
Evolution 56(9):1764–1775
Voigt E (1981) Répartition et utilisation stratigraphique des Bryozoaires
du Crétacé Moyen (Aptien-Coniacien). Cretac Res 2:439–462
Voigt E (1985) The Bryozoa of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In:
Nielsen C, Larwood GP (eds) Bryozoa: Ordovician to recent. Olsen
and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 329–342
von Salvini-Plawen L (1982) A paedomorphic origin of the oligomerous animals? Zool Scr 11:77–81
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DT (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol Phylogenet Evol 62:718–735
Waters A (1896(1898)) Notes on Bryozoa from Rapallo and other
Mediterranean localities – chiefl y Cellulariidae. J Linn Soc Zool
26(166):1–21
Waters A (1900) Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the
Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, 1896–1897. J Linn Soc Zool
28(179):126–133
Waters A (1907) Tubucellaria : its species and ovicells. J Linn Soc Zool
30:126–133
Waters A (1909) Reports on marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from
collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S.; together
with collections made in the Red Sea by Dr. R. Hartmeyer. – XII.
The Bryozoa. Part I. – Cheilostomata. J Linn Soc Zool 31:123–181
Waters A (1912) A structure in Adeonella ( Laminopora ) contorta
(Michelin) and some other Bryozoa, together with remarks on the
Adeonidae. Ann Mag Nat Hist, 8 Ser, 9(53):489–500
Waters A (1913) The marine fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar,
from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S., in
the years 1901–1902. Bryozoa-Cheilostomata. Proc Zool Soc Lond,
Parts 3–4 32:458–537
Wendt DE (1998) Effect of larval swimming duration on growth and
reproduction of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) under fi eld conditions.
Biol Bull 195:126–135
Wendt DE (2000) Energetics of larval swimming and metamorphosis in
four species of Bugula (Bryozoa). Biol Bull 198:346–356
Williams GL, Bujak JP (1985) Mesozoic and Cenozoic dinofl agellates.
In: Bolli HM, Saunders JB, Perch-Nielsen K (eds) Plancton
stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, London/New York/La
Rochelle/Melbourne/Sydney/Cambridge, pp 847–964
Winston JE (1977) Feeding in marine bryozoans. In: Woollacott RM,
Zimmer RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York,
pp 233–271
Winston JE (1978) Polypide morphology and feeding behaviour in
marine ectoprocts. Bull Mar Sci 28(1):1–31
Wood TS (1983) General features of the class Phylactolaemata. In:
Robinson RA (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, vol 1.
Geological Society of America/University of Kansas, Lawrence/
Boulder, pp 287–303
Wood TS (2008) Development and metamorphosis of cyphonautes larvae in the freshwater ctenostome bryozoan, Hislopia malayensis
Annandale, 1916. In: Hageman SJ, Key MMJ Jr, Winston JE (eds)
Proceedings of the 14th international bryozoology association conference. Virginia Mus Nat Hist Spec Publ 15:339–346
Wooding P, Burton G (2008) Comparative placentation: structures,
functions and evolution. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Woollacott RM (1999) Bryozoa (Ectoprocta). In: Knobil E, Neill JD
(eds) Encylopedia of reproduction, vol 1. Academic, New York,
pp 439–448
Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (1972a) A simplifi ed placenta-like brooding system in Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). In: Arceneaux CJ (ed)
30th annual proceedings of the electron microscope society of
America. Claitor’s Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, pp 30–31
Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (1972b) Origin and structure of the brood
chamber in Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). Mar Biol 16:165–170
Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (1975) A simplifi ed placenta-like system
for the transport of extraembryonic nutrients during embryogenesis
of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). J Morphol 147:355–378
Wourms JP (1981) Viviparity: the maternal-fetal relationships in fi shes.
Am Zool 21:473–515
Wourms JP (1987) Oogenesis. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds)
Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 9, General aspects: seeking unity in diversity. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 49–178
Wourms JP, Lombardi J (1992) Refl ections on the evolution of piscine
viviparity. Am Zool 32:276–293
Wourms JP, Grove PD, Lombardi J (1988) The maternal-embryonic
relationship in viviparous fi shes. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ (eds)
Fish physiology, vol 11B. Academic Press, Washington, DC/SanDiego, pp 1–134
Wray GA (1992) The evolution of larval morphology during the postpaleozoic radiation of echinoids. Paleobiology 18(3):258–287
Wray GA (1995a) Evolution of larvae and developmental modes.
In: McEdwards L (ed) Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae.
CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington, DC,
pp 413–447
Wray GA (1995b) Punctuated evolution of embryos. Science
267:1115–1116
Wray GA (1996) Parallel evolutiom of nonfeeding larvae in echinoids.
Syst Biol 45(3):308–322
Wray GA (2002) Do convergent developmental mechanisms underlie
convergent phenotypes? Brain Behav Evol 59(5–6):327–336
Wray GA, Raff RA (1990) Novel origins of lineage founder cells in the
direct-developing echinoid Heliocidaris erythrogramma . Dev Biol
141:41–54
Wray GA, Raff RA (1991) The evolution of developmental strategy in
marine invertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 6:45–50
Yoshioka PM (1982) Role of planctonic and benthic factors in the population dynamics of the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea .
Ecology 63:457–468
Yund PO, McCartney MA (1994) Male reproductive success in sessile
invertebrates: competition for fertilization. Ecology 75:2151–2167
Zarenkov NA (1982) Arthropoda. Crustaceans. Part I. Moscow
University Press, Moscow [in Russian]
Zigler KS, Raff EC, Popodi E, Raff RA, Lessios HA (2003) Adaptive
evolution of bindin in the genus Heliocidaris is correlated with the
shift to direct development. Evolution 57:2293–2302
Zimmer RL (1991) Phoronida. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB
(eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 6, Echinoderms and
lophophorates. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 1–45
Zimmer RL, Woollacott RM (1977a) Structure and classifi cation of
gymnolaemate larvae. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (eds)
Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 57–89
Zimmer RL, Woollacott RM (1977b) Metamorphosis, ancestrulae, and
coloniality in bryozoan life cycles. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL
(eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 91–142
Zirpolo G (1933) Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje). Mem Acad
Pontif Nuov Lincei 2(17):109–442
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata
Underwood AJ (1974) On models on reproductive strategy in benthic
marine invertebrates. Am Nat 108:874–878
Valentine JW (1986) The Permian-Triassic extinction event and invertebrate developmental modes. Bull Mar Sci 39(2):607–615
Valentine JW, Jablonski D (1983) Larval adaptations and patterns
in brachiopod diversity in space and time. Evolution
37(5):1052–1061
van Beneden PJ (1844) Recherches sur l’organisation des Laguncula et
l’histoire naturelle des différents polypes Bryozoaires qui habitent
la côte d’Ostende. Nouv Mem Acad R Sci Belles Lettr Bruxelles
18:1–29
Vance R (1973) On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. Am Nat 107:339–352
Vermeij GJ (1977) The Mesozoic marine revolution: evidence from
snails, predators and grazers. Paleobiology 3:245–258
Villinski JT, Villinski JC, Byrne V, Raff RA (2002) Convergent maternal provisioning and life-history evolution in echinoderms.
Evolution 56(9):1764–1775
Voigt E (1981) Répartition et utilisation stratigraphique des Bryozoaires
du Crétacé Moyen (Aptien-Coniacien). Cretac Res 2:439–462
Voigt E (1985) The Bryozoa of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. In:
Nielsen C, Larwood GP (eds) Bryozoa: Ordovician to recent. Olsen
and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 329–342
von Salvini-Plawen L (1982) A paedomorphic origin of the oligomerous animals? Zool Scr 11:77–81
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DT (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol Phylogenet Evol 62:718–735
Waters A (1896(1898)) Notes on Bryozoa from Rapallo and other
Mediterranean localities – chiefl y Cellulariidae. J Linn Soc Zool
26(166):1–21
Waters A (1900) Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the
Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, 1896–1897. J Linn Soc Zool
28(179):126–133
Waters A (1907) Tubucellaria : its species and ovicells. J Linn Soc Zool
30:126–133
Waters A (1909) Reports on marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, from
collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S.; together
with collections made in the Red Sea by Dr. R. Hartmeyer. – XII.
The Bryozoa. Part I. – Cheilostomata. J Linn Soc Zool 31:123–181
Waters A (1912) A structure in Adeonella ( Laminopora ) contorta
(Michelin) and some other Bryozoa, together with remarks on the
Adeonidae. Ann Mag Nat Hist, 8 Ser, 9(53):489–500
Waters A (1913) The marine fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar,
from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S., in
the years 1901–1902. Bryozoa-Cheilostomata. Proc Zool Soc Lond,
Parts 3–4 32:458–537
Wendt DE (1998) Effect of larval swimming duration on growth and
reproduction of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) under fi eld conditions.
Biol Bull 195:126–135
Wendt DE (2000) Energetics of larval swimming and metamorphosis in
four species of Bugula (Bryozoa). Biol Bull 198:346–356
Williams GL, Bujak JP (1985) Mesozoic and Cenozoic dinofl agellates.
In: Bolli HM, Saunders JB, Perch-Nielsen K (eds) Plancton
stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, London/New York/La
Rochelle/Melbourne/Sydney/Cambridge, pp 847–964
Winston JE (1977) Feeding in marine bryozoans. In: Woollacott RM,
Zimmer RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York,
pp 233–271
Winston JE (1978) Polypide morphology and feeding behaviour in
marine ectoprocts. Bull Mar Sci 28(1):1–31
Wood TS (1983) General features of the class Phylactolaemata. In:
Robinson RA (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, vol 1.
Geological Society of America/University of Kansas, Lawrence/
Boulder, pp 287–303
Wood TS (2008) Development and metamorphosis of cyphonautes larvae in the freshwater ctenostome bryozoan, Hislopia malayensis
Annandale, 1916. In: Hageman SJ, Key MMJ Jr, Winston JE (eds)
Proceedings of the 14th international bryozoology association conference. Virginia Mus Nat Hist Spec Publ 15:339–346
Wooding P, Burton G (2008) Comparative placentation: structures,
functions and evolution. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Woollacott RM (1999) Bryozoa (Ectoprocta). In: Knobil E, Neill JD
(eds) Encylopedia of reproduction, vol 1. Academic, New York,
pp 439–448
Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (1972a) A simplifi ed placenta-like brooding system in Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). In: Arceneaux CJ (ed)
30th annual proceedings of the electron microscope society of
America. Claitor’s Publishing Division, Baton Rouge, pp 30–31
Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (1972b) Origin and structure of the brood
chamber in Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). Mar Biol 16:165–170
Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (1975) A simplifi ed placenta-like system
for the transport of extraembryonic nutrients during embryogenesis
of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). J Morphol 147:355–378
Wourms JP (1981) Viviparity: the maternal-fetal relationships in fi shes.
Am Zool 21:473–515
Wourms JP (1987) Oogenesis. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds)
Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 9, General aspects: seeking unity in diversity. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 49–178
Wourms JP, Lombardi J (1992) Refl ections on the evolution of piscine
viviparity. Am Zool 32:276–293
Wourms JP, Grove PD, Lombardi J (1988) The maternal-embryonic
relationship in viviparous fi shes. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ (eds)
Fish physiology, vol 11B. Academic Press, Washington, DC/SanDiego, pp 1–134
Wray GA (1992) The evolution of larval morphology during the postpaleozoic radiation of echinoids. Paleobiology 18(3):258–287
Wray GA (1995a) Evolution of larvae and developmental modes.
In: McEdwards L (ed) Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae.
CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington, DC,
pp 413–447
Wray GA (1995b) Punctuated evolution of embryos. Science
267:1115–1116
Wray GA (1996) Parallel evolutiom of nonfeeding larvae in echinoids.
Syst Biol 45(3):308–322
Wray GA (2002) Do convergent developmental mechanisms underlie
convergent phenotypes? Brain Behav Evol 59(5–6):327–336
Wray GA, Raff RA (1990) Novel origins of lineage founder cells in the
direct-developing echinoid Heliocidaris erythrogramma . Dev Biol
141:41–54
Wray GA, Raff RA (1991) The evolution of developmental strategy in
marine invertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 6:45–50
Yoshioka PM (1982) Role of planctonic and benthic factors in the population dynamics of the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea .
Ecology 63:457–468
Yund PO, McCartney MA (1994) Male reproductive success in sessile
invertebrates: competition for fertilization. Ecology 75:2151–2167
Zarenkov NA (1982) Arthropoda. Crustaceans. Part I. Moscow
University Press, Moscow [in Russian]
Zigler KS, Raff EC, Popodi E, Raff RA, Lessios HA (2003) Adaptive
evolution of bindin in the genus Heliocidaris is correlated with the
shift to direct development. Evolution 57:2293–2302
Zimmer RL (1991) Phoronida. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB
(eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 6, Echinoderms and
lophophorates. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 1–45
Zimmer RL, Woollacott RM (1977a) Structure and classifi cation of
gymnolaemate larvae. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (eds)
Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 57–89
Zimmer RL, Woollacott RM (1977b) Metamorphosis, ancestrulae, and
coloniality in bryozoan life cycles. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL
(eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 91–142
Zirpolo G (1933) Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje). Mem Acad
Pontif Nuov Lincei 2(17):109–442
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata