279
Ostrovsky AN, Vávra N, Porter JS (2008a) Sexual reproduction in gymnolaemate Bryozoa: history and perspectives of the research. In:
Wyse Jackson PN, Spencer Jones ME (eds) Annals of bryozoology
2: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International
Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp 117–210
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD, Dick MH, Mawatari SF (2008b) PreCenomanian cheilostome Bryozoa: current state of knowledge. In:
Okada H, Mawatari SF, Suzuki N, Gautam P (eds) Origin and evolution of natural diversity, proceedings of the international symposium, Sapporo, pp 69–74
Ostrovsky AN, Gordon D, Lidgard S (2009a) Independent evolution of
matrotrophy in the major classes of Bryozoa: transitions among
reproductive patterns and their ecological background. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 378:113–124
Ostrovsky AN, Nielsen C, Vávra N, Yagunova EB (2009b) Diversity of
the brooding structures in calloporod bryozoans (Gymnolaemata:
Cheilostomata): comparative anatomy and evolutionary trends.
Zoomorphology 128(1):13–35
Ostrovsky AN, O’Dea A, Rodrígues F (2009c) Comparative anatomy of
internal incubational sacs in cupuladriid bryozoans and the evolution
of brooding in free-living cheilostomes. J Morphol 270:1413–1430
Ostrovsky AN, Porter JS (2011) Pattern of occurrence of supraneural
coelomopores and intertentacular organs in gymnolaemate bryozoans and its evolutionary implications. Zoomorphology 130:1–15
Ostrovsky AN, Schwaha T (2011) Ultrastructure of the placental analogue in ctenostome bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle
Chiaje, 1828) (Gymnolaemata). In: Zaitseva OV, Petrov AA (eds)
Modern problems of evolutionary morphology of animals.
Proceedings of the 2nd all-Russian and international conference
dedicated to the 105th anniversary of academician AV Ivanov.
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St
Petersburg, pp 254–256 [in Russian]
Owrid GMA, Ryland JS (1991) Sexual reproduction in Alcyonidium
hirsutum (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata). In: Bigey FP (ed) Bryozoaires
actuels et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest
France, Mem HS 1:317–326
Pace RM (1906) On the early stages in the development of Flustrellidra
hispida (Fabricius), and on the existence of a “yolk nucleus” in the
egg of this form. Q J Microsc Sci 50:435–478
Pachut JF, Fisherkeller MM (2010) Inferring larval type in fossil bryozoans. Lethaia 43:396–410
Packard GC, Tracy CR, Roth JJ (1977) The physiological ecology of
reptilian eggs and embryos, and the evolution of viviparity within
the class Reptilia. Biol Rev 52:71–105
Paltschikowa-Ostroumowa MW (1926) Kurze Bemerkung über den
Ovidukt bei den Bryozoen. Zool Anz 65:100–102
Pearse JS (1994) Cold-water echinoderms break “Thorson’s rule”. In:
Young CM, Eckelbarger KJ (eds) Reproduction, larval biology, and
recruitment in deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press,
New York, pp 26–43
Pearse JS, Bosch I (1994) Brooding in the Antarctic: Östergren had it
nearly right. In: David B, Guille F, Féral J-P, Roux M (eds) Echinoderms
through time. AA Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 111–120
Pearse JS, Cameron RA (1991) Echinodermata: Echinoidea. In: Giese
AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 6, Echinoderms and lophophorates. Boxwood Press,
Pacifi c Grove, pp 513–662
Pernet B (2003) Persistent ancestral feeding structures in nonfeeding
annelid larvae. Biol Bull 205:295–307
Pernet B, McArthur L (2006) Feeding by larvae of two different developmental modes in Streblospio benedicti (Polychaeta: Spionidae).
Mar Biol 149(4):803–811
Perron FE (1981) Larval growth and metamorphosis of Conus
(Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) in Hawaii. Pac Sci 35(1):25–38
Peterson KJ (2005) Macroevolutionary interplay between planktic larvae and benthic predators. Geology 33(12):929–932
Picken GB (1980) Reproductive adaptations of Antarctic benthic invertebrates. Biol J Lin Soc 14:67–75
Pires MN, Bassar RD, McBride KE, Regus JU, Garland T Jr, Reznick
DN (2011) Why do placentas evolve? An evaluation of the lifehistory facilitation hypothesis in the fi sh genus Poeciliopsis . Funct
Ecol 25:757–768
Pollux BJA, Pires MN, Banet AI, Reznick DN (2009) Evolution of
placentas in the fi sh family Poeciliidae: an empirical study of macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:271–289
Porter JS (2004) Morphological and genetic characteristics of erect
subtidal species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomata: Bryozoa). J Mar
Biol Assoc UK 84:243–252
Porter JS, Hayward PJ (2004) Species of Alcyonidium (Bryozoa:
Ctenostomata) from Antarctica and Magellan Strait, defi ned by
morphological, reproductive and molecular characters. J Mar Biol
Assoc UK 84:253–265
Porter JS, Hayward PJ, Spencer Jones ME (2001) The identity of
Alcyonidium diaphanum (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida). J Mar Biol
Assoc UK 81:1001–1008
Poulin É, Féral J-P (1996) Why are there so many species of brooding
Antarctic echinoids? Evolution 50(2):820–830
Poulsen CJ, Barron EJ, Johnson CC, Fawcett P (1999) Links between
major climatic factors and regional oceanic circulation in the midCretaceous. In: Barrera E, Johnston CC (eds) Evolution of the
Cretaceous ocean-climate system. Geological Society of America,
Boulder, pp 73–89
Prenant M, Bobin G (1956) Bryozoaires. 1. Entoproctes, Phylactolèmes,
Cténostomes. Faune France 60:1–398
Prenant M, Bobin G (1966) Bryozoaires. 2. Chilostomes Anasca. Faune
France 68:1–647
Prouho H (1889) Sur la reproduction de quelques Bryozoaires cténostomes. Compt Rend Hebd Sean Acad Sci Paris 109:197–198
Prouho H (1892) Contribution a l’histoire des Bryozoaires. Arch Zool
Exp Gen 10:557–656
Prowse T, Byrne M (2012) Evolution of yolk protein genes in the
Echinodermata. Evol Dev 14(2):139–151
Prowse TAA, Sewell MA, Byrne M (2008) Fuels for development: evolution of maternal provisioning in asterinid sea stars. Mar Biol
153(3):337–349
Prowse TA, Falkner I, Sewell MA, Byrne M (2009) Long-term storage
lipids and developmental evolution in echinoderms. Evol Ecol Res
11:1069–1083
Racki G (1999) Silica-secreting biota and mass extinctions: survival patterns
and processes. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 154:107–132
Raff RA (1996) The shape of life. The University of Chicago Press,
London/Chicago
Raff RA, Byrne M (2006) The active evolutionary lives of echinoderm
larvae. Heredity 97:244–252
Raff RA, Kaufman C (1983) Embryos, genes and evolution: the
developmental- genetic basis of evolutionary changes. Macmillan,
New York
Reed CG (1987) Bryozoa. In: Strathmann MF (ed) Reproduction
and development of marine invertebrates of the northern Pacifi c
coast: data and methods for the study of eggs, embryos, and
larvae. University of Washington Press, Seattle/Washington, DC,
pp 494–510
Reed CG (1988) The reproductive biology of the gymnolaemate bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis (Ctenostomata: Vesiculariida). Ophelia
29(1):1–23
Reed CG (1991) Bryozoa. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds)
Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 6, Echinoderms and
lophophorates. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 85–245
Repiachoff W (1875) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Tendra
zostericola . Z Wiss Zool 25:129–142
Repiachoff W (1878) Ueber die ersten embryonalen Entwicklungvorgänge
bei Tendra zostericola . Z Wiss Zool 30(Suppl):411–423
References
Ostrovsky AN, Vávra N, Porter JS (2008a) Sexual reproduction in gymnolaemate Bryozoa: history and perspectives of the research. In:
Wyse Jackson PN, Spencer Jones ME (eds) Annals of bryozoology
2: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International
Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp 117–210
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD, Dick MH, Mawatari SF (2008b) PreCenomanian cheilostome Bryozoa: current state of knowledge. In:
Okada H, Mawatari SF, Suzuki N, Gautam P (eds) Origin and evolution of natural diversity, proceedings of the international symposium, Sapporo, pp 69–74
Ostrovsky AN, Gordon D, Lidgard S (2009a) Independent evolution of
matrotrophy in the major classes of Bryozoa: transitions among
reproductive patterns and their ecological background. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 378:113–124
Ostrovsky AN, Nielsen C, Vávra N, Yagunova EB (2009b) Diversity of
the brooding structures in calloporod bryozoans (Gymnolaemata:
Cheilostomata): comparative anatomy and evolutionary trends.
Zoomorphology 128(1):13–35
Ostrovsky AN, O’Dea A, Rodrígues F (2009c) Comparative anatomy of
internal incubational sacs in cupuladriid bryozoans and the evolution
of brooding in free-living cheilostomes. J Morphol 270:1413–1430
Ostrovsky AN, Porter JS (2011) Pattern of occurrence of supraneural
coelomopores and intertentacular organs in gymnolaemate bryozoans and its evolutionary implications. Zoomorphology 130:1–15
Ostrovsky AN, Schwaha T (2011) Ultrastructure of the placental analogue in ctenostome bryozoan Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle
Chiaje, 1828) (Gymnolaemata). In: Zaitseva OV, Petrov AA (eds)
Modern problems of evolutionary morphology of animals.
Proceedings of the 2nd all-Russian and international conference
dedicated to the 105th anniversary of academician AV Ivanov.
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St
Petersburg, pp 254–256 [in Russian]
Owrid GMA, Ryland JS (1991) Sexual reproduction in Alcyonidium
hirsutum (Bryozoa: Ctenostomata). In: Bigey FP (ed) Bryozoaires
actuels et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest
France, Mem HS 1:317–326
Pace RM (1906) On the early stages in the development of Flustrellidra
hispida (Fabricius), and on the existence of a “yolk nucleus” in the
egg of this form. Q J Microsc Sci 50:435–478
Pachut JF, Fisherkeller MM (2010) Inferring larval type in fossil bryozoans. Lethaia 43:396–410
Packard GC, Tracy CR, Roth JJ (1977) The physiological ecology of
reptilian eggs and embryos, and the evolution of viviparity within
the class Reptilia. Biol Rev 52:71–105
Paltschikowa-Ostroumowa MW (1926) Kurze Bemerkung über den
Ovidukt bei den Bryozoen. Zool Anz 65:100–102
Pearse JS (1994) Cold-water echinoderms break “Thorson’s rule”. In:
Young CM, Eckelbarger KJ (eds) Reproduction, larval biology, and
recruitment in deep-sea benthos. Columbia University Press,
New York, pp 26–43
Pearse JS, Bosch I (1994) Brooding in the Antarctic: Östergren had it
nearly right. In: David B, Guille F, Féral J-P, Roux M (eds) Echinoderms
through time. AA Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 111–120
Pearse JS, Cameron RA (1991) Echinodermata: Echinoidea. In: Giese
AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds) Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 6, Echinoderms and lophophorates. Boxwood Press,
Pacifi c Grove, pp 513–662
Pernet B (2003) Persistent ancestral feeding structures in nonfeeding
annelid larvae. Biol Bull 205:295–307
Pernet B, McArthur L (2006) Feeding by larvae of two different developmental modes in Streblospio benedicti (Polychaeta: Spionidae).
Mar Biol 149(4):803–811
Perron FE (1981) Larval growth and metamorphosis of Conus
(Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) in Hawaii. Pac Sci 35(1):25–38
Peterson KJ (2005) Macroevolutionary interplay between planktic larvae and benthic predators. Geology 33(12):929–932
Picken GB (1980) Reproductive adaptations of Antarctic benthic invertebrates. Biol J Lin Soc 14:67–75
Pires MN, Bassar RD, McBride KE, Regus JU, Garland T Jr, Reznick
DN (2011) Why do placentas evolve? An evaluation of the lifehistory facilitation hypothesis in the fi sh genus Poeciliopsis . Funct
Ecol 25:757–768
Pollux BJA, Pires MN, Banet AI, Reznick DN (2009) Evolution of
placentas in the fi sh family Poeciliidae: an empirical study of macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:271–289
Porter JS (2004) Morphological and genetic characteristics of erect
subtidal species of Alcyonidium (Ctenostomata: Bryozoa). J Mar
Biol Assoc UK 84:243–252
Porter JS, Hayward PJ (2004) Species of Alcyonidium (Bryozoa:
Ctenostomata) from Antarctica and Magellan Strait, defi ned by
morphological, reproductive and molecular characters. J Mar Biol
Assoc UK 84:253–265
Porter JS, Hayward PJ, Spencer Jones ME (2001) The identity of
Alcyonidium diaphanum (Bryozoa: Ctenostomatida). J Mar Biol
Assoc UK 81:1001–1008
Poulin É, Féral J-P (1996) Why are there so many species of brooding
Antarctic echinoids? Evolution 50(2):820–830
Poulsen CJ, Barron EJ, Johnson CC, Fawcett P (1999) Links between
major climatic factors and regional oceanic circulation in the midCretaceous. In: Barrera E, Johnston CC (eds) Evolution of the
Cretaceous ocean-climate system. Geological Society of America,
Boulder, pp 73–89
Prenant M, Bobin G (1956) Bryozoaires. 1. Entoproctes, Phylactolèmes,
Cténostomes. Faune France 60:1–398
Prenant M, Bobin G (1966) Bryozoaires. 2. Chilostomes Anasca. Faune
France 68:1–647
Prouho H (1889) Sur la reproduction de quelques Bryozoaires cténostomes. Compt Rend Hebd Sean Acad Sci Paris 109:197–198
Prouho H (1892) Contribution a l’histoire des Bryozoaires. Arch Zool
Exp Gen 10:557–656
Prowse T, Byrne M (2012) Evolution of yolk protein genes in the
Echinodermata. Evol Dev 14(2):139–151
Prowse TAA, Sewell MA, Byrne M (2008) Fuels for development: evolution of maternal provisioning in asterinid sea stars. Mar Biol
153(3):337–349
Prowse TA, Falkner I, Sewell MA, Byrne M (2009) Long-term storage
lipids and developmental evolution in echinoderms. Evol Ecol Res
11:1069–1083
Racki G (1999) Silica-secreting biota and mass extinctions: survival patterns
and processes. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 154:107–132
Raff RA (1996) The shape of life. The University of Chicago Press,
London/Chicago
Raff RA, Byrne M (2006) The active evolutionary lives of echinoderm
larvae. Heredity 97:244–252
Raff RA, Kaufman C (1983) Embryos, genes and evolution: the
developmental- genetic basis of evolutionary changes. Macmillan,
New York
Reed CG (1987) Bryozoa. In: Strathmann MF (ed) Reproduction
and development of marine invertebrates of the northern Pacifi c
coast: data and methods for the study of eggs, embryos, and
larvae. University of Washington Press, Seattle/Washington, DC,
pp 494–510
Reed CG (1988) The reproductive biology of the gymnolaemate bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis (Ctenostomata: Vesiculariida). Ophelia
29(1):1–23
Reed CG (1991) Bryozoa. In: Giese AC, Pearse JS, Pearse VB (eds)
Reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 6, Echinoderms and
lophophorates. Boxwood Press, Pacifi c Grove, pp 85–245
Repiachoff W (1875) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Tendra
zostericola . Z Wiss Zool 25:129–142
Repiachoff W (1878) Ueber die ersten embryonalen Entwicklungvorgänge
bei Tendra zostericola . Z Wiss Zool 30(Suppl):411–423
References