278
McKinney FK, Lidgard S, Sepkoski JJ, Taylor PD (1998) Decoupled
temporal patterns of evolution and ecology in two post-Paleozoic
clades. Science 281:807–809
McKinney FK, Lidgard S, Taylor PD (2001) Macroevolutionary trends:
perception depends on the measure used. In: Jackson JBC, Lidgard
S, McKinney FK (eds) Evolutionary patterns. Growth, form, and
tempo in evolution. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/
London, pp 348–385
McKinney FK, Taylor PD, Lidgard S (2003) Predation on bryozoans
and its refl ection in the fossil record. In: Kelley PH, Kowalewski M,
Hansen TA (eds) Predator–prey interactions in the fossil record.
Topics in geobiology series, vol 20. Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, New York, pp 239–246
McNamara KJ (1994) Diversity of Cenozoic marsupiate echinoids as
an environmental indicator. Lethaia 27:257–268
Meier R, Kotrba M, Ferrar P (1999) Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the
Diptera. Biol Rev 74:199–258
Meredith RW, Pires MN, Reznick DN, Springer MS (2011) Molecular
phylogenetic relationships and the coevolution of placentotrophy
and superfetation in Poecilia (Poeciliidae: Cyprinodontiformes).
Mol Phylogenet Evol 59:148–157
Mileikovsky SA (1971) Types of larval development in marine bottom
invertebrates, their distribution and ecological signifi cance: a reevaluation. Mar Biol 10:193–213
Miller SE (1993) Larval period and its infl uence on post-larval life history: comparison of lecithotrophy and facultative planktotrophy in
the aeolid nudibranch Phestilla sibogae . Mar Biol 117(4):635–645
Moosburgger M, Schwaha T, Walzl MG, Obst M, Ostrovsky AN (2012)
The placental analogue and the pattern of sexual reproduction in the
cheilostome bryozoan Bicellariella ciliata (Gymnolaemata). Front
Zool 9:29
Moran AL, McAlister JS (2009) Egg size as a life history character of
marine invertebrates: is it all it’s cracked up to be? Biol Bull
216(3):226–242
Morozova IP (2001) Bryozoans of the order Fenestellida. Proc Paleontol
Inst Rus Acad Sci 277:1–177 [in Russian with English summary]
Mortensen T (1921) Studies on the development and larval forms of
echinoderms. GED Grad, Copenhagen
Mukai H, Saito Y, Watanabe H (1987) Viviparous development in
Botrylloides (compound ascidians). J Morphol 193:263–276
Mukai H, Terakado K, Reed CG (1997) Bryozoa. In: Harrison FW (ed)
Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol 13. Wiley-Liss, New
York, pp 45–206
Nielsen C (1981) On morphology and reproduction of Hippodiplosia
insculpta and Fenestrulina malusii (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata).
Ophelia 20:91–125
Nielsen C (1990) Bryozoa Ectoprocta. In: Adiyodi KG, Adiyodi RG
(eds) Reproductive biology of invertebrates, vol 4, Part B: fertilization, development, and parental care. IBH Publishing Co Pvt Ltd,
New Delhi/Bombay/Calcutta/Oxford, pp 185–200
Nielsen C (1995) Animal evolution: interrelationships of the living
phyla. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Nielsen C (1998) Origin and evolution of animal life cycles. Biol Rev
73:125–155
Nielsen C (2013) Life cycle evolution: was the eumetazoan ancestor a
holopelagic, planktotrophic gastraea? BMC Evol Biol 13(1):1–18
Nielsen C, Worsaae K (2010) Structure and occurrence of cyphonautes
larvae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). J Morphol 271(9):1094–1109
Nordmann MA (1839) Recherches microscopiques sur l’anatomie et le
développement du Tendra zostericola , espèce de polype de la section des Bryozoaires. Ann Sci Nat, Ser 2, 11:185–191
Nussbaum RA (1985) The evolution of parental care in salamanders.
Misc Publ Mus Zool Univ Mich 169:1–50
Nussbaum RA (1987) Parental care and egg size in salamanders: an
examination of the safe harbor hypothesis. Res Popul Ecol
29:27–44
Nützel A, Lehnert O, Frýda J (2006) Origin of planktotrophy – evidence
from early molluscs. Evol Dev 8:325–330
Okazaki K, Dan K (1954) The metamorphosis of partial larvae of
Peronella japonica Mortensen, a sand dollar. Biol Bull 106(1):
83–99
Olive P (1983) Annelida – Polychaeta. In: Adiyodi KG, Adiyodi RG
(eds) Reproductive biology of invertebrates, vol 1, Oogenesis,
oviposition, and oosorption. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester,
pp 357–421
Olive PJW (1985) Covariability of reproductive traits in marine invertebrates: implications for the phylogeny of the lower invertebrates. In:
Conway Morris S, George JD, Gibson R, Platt HM (eds) The origins
and relationships of lower invertebrates. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp 42–59
Ostroumoff A (1886a) Contribition à l’étude zoologique et morphologique des Bryozoaires du Golfe de Sebastopol. Arch Slav Biol
1:557–569
Ostroumoff A (1886b) Research on bryozoans of the Sebastopol Bay in
systematic and morphological respects. Works Soc Nat Imp Kazan
Univ 16(2):1–124 [In Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1998a) Variability of ooeciostome shape and position in
Antarctic idmidroniform bryozoans (Bryozoa: Tubuliporida). Zool
Anz 237(2–3):97–106
Ostrovsky AN (1998b) The genus Anguisia as a model of a possible
origin of erect growth in some Cyclostomatida (Bryozoa). Zool J
Linn Soc 124(4):355–367
Ostrovsky AN (1998c) Comparative studies of ovicell anatomy and
reproductive patterns in Cribrilina annulata and Celleporella
hyalina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Acta Zool 79(4):287–318
Ostrovsky AN (2002) Brood chambers in cribrimorphs evolved by
fusion of costae: further arguments. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler
CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds) Bryozoan studies 2001. AA Balkema
Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/Exton/Tokyo, pp 247–255
Ostrovsky AN (2008) External versus internal and self- versus
cross- fertilization in Bryozoa: transformation of the view and
evolutionary considerations. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Spencer
Jones ME (eds) Annals of bryozoology 2: aspects of the history
of research on bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association,
Dublin, pp 103–115
Ostrovsky AN (2009) Evolution of sexual reproduction in the bryozoan
order Cheilostomata (Gymnolaemata). St Petersburg State
University, St Petersburg [in Russian with English summary]
Ostrovsky AN (2013) From incipient to substantial: evolution of placentotrophy in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates. Evolution
67(5):1368–1382
Ostrovsky AN, Shunatova NN (2002) Colonial behaviour and group
zooidal reactions in Bryozoa: history of the research. In: Wyse
Jackson PN, Spencer Jones ME (eds) Annals of bryozoology:
aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International
Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp 185–200
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD (1996) Systematics of some Antarctic
Idmidronea and Exidmonea (Bryozoa: Cyclostomata). J Nat Hist
30:1549–1575
Ostrovsky AN, Shunatova NN, Antipenko II (2002) Historical review
on individual autozooidal behaviour and feeding mechanisms in
Bryozoa. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Spencer Jones ME (eds) Annals
of bryozoology: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans.
International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp 201–228
Ostrovsky AN, Grischenko AV, Taylor PD, Bock P, Mawatari SF (2006)
Comparative anatomical study of internal brooding in three anascan
bryozoans (Cheilostomata) and its taxonomical and evolutionary
implications. J Morphol 267(6):739–749
Ostrovsky AN, Dick MH, Mawatari SF (2007) The internal-brooding
apparatus in the bryozoan genus Cauloramphus (Cheilostomata:
Calloporidae) and its inferred homology to ovicells. Zool Sci
25(1):36–52
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata
McKinney FK, Lidgard S, Sepkoski JJ, Taylor PD (1998) Decoupled
temporal patterns of evolution and ecology in two post-Paleozoic
clades. Science 281:807–809
McKinney FK, Lidgard S, Taylor PD (2001) Macroevolutionary trends:
perception depends on the measure used. In: Jackson JBC, Lidgard
S, McKinney FK (eds) Evolutionary patterns. Growth, form, and
tempo in evolution. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago/
London, pp 348–385
McKinney FK, Taylor PD, Lidgard S (2003) Predation on bryozoans
and its refl ection in the fossil record. In: Kelley PH, Kowalewski M,
Hansen TA (eds) Predator–prey interactions in the fossil record.
Topics in geobiology series, vol 20. Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, New York, pp 239–246
McNamara KJ (1994) Diversity of Cenozoic marsupiate echinoids as
an environmental indicator. Lethaia 27:257–268
Meier R, Kotrba M, Ferrar P (1999) Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the
Diptera. Biol Rev 74:199–258
Meredith RW, Pires MN, Reznick DN, Springer MS (2011) Molecular
phylogenetic relationships and the coevolution of placentotrophy
and superfetation in Poecilia (Poeciliidae: Cyprinodontiformes).
Mol Phylogenet Evol 59:148–157
Mileikovsky SA (1971) Types of larval development in marine bottom
invertebrates, their distribution and ecological signifi cance: a reevaluation. Mar Biol 10:193–213
Miller SE (1993) Larval period and its infl uence on post-larval life history: comparison of lecithotrophy and facultative planktotrophy in
the aeolid nudibranch Phestilla sibogae . Mar Biol 117(4):635–645
Moosburgger M, Schwaha T, Walzl MG, Obst M, Ostrovsky AN (2012)
The placental analogue and the pattern of sexual reproduction in the
cheilostome bryozoan Bicellariella ciliata (Gymnolaemata). Front
Zool 9:29
Moran AL, McAlister JS (2009) Egg size as a life history character of
marine invertebrates: is it all it’s cracked up to be? Biol Bull
216(3):226–242
Morozova IP (2001) Bryozoans of the order Fenestellida. Proc Paleontol
Inst Rus Acad Sci 277:1–177 [in Russian with English summary]
Mortensen T (1921) Studies on the development and larval forms of
echinoderms. GED Grad, Copenhagen
Mukai H, Saito Y, Watanabe H (1987) Viviparous development in
Botrylloides (compound ascidians). J Morphol 193:263–276
Mukai H, Terakado K, Reed CG (1997) Bryozoa. In: Harrison FW (ed)
Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates, vol 13. Wiley-Liss, New
York, pp 45–206
Nielsen C (1981) On morphology and reproduction of Hippodiplosia
insculpta and Fenestrulina malusii (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata).
Ophelia 20:91–125
Nielsen C (1990) Bryozoa Ectoprocta. In: Adiyodi KG, Adiyodi RG
(eds) Reproductive biology of invertebrates, vol 4, Part B: fertilization, development, and parental care. IBH Publishing Co Pvt Ltd,
New Delhi/Bombay/Calcutta/Oxford, pp 185–200
Nielsen C (1995) Animal evolution: interrelationships of the living
phyla. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Nielsen C (1998) Origin and evolution of animal life cycles. Biol Rev
73:125–155
Nielsen C (2013) Life cycle evolution: was the eumetazoan ancestor a
holopelagic, planktotrophic gastraea? BMC Evol Biol 13(1):1–18
Nielsen C, Worsaae K (2010) Structure and occurrence of cyphonautes
larvae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). J Morphol 271(9):1094–1109
Nordmann MA (1839) Recherches microscopiques sur l’anatomie et le
développement du Tendra zostericola , espèce de polype de la section des Bryozoaires. Ann Sci Nat, Ser 2, 11:185–191
Nussbaum RA (1985) The evolution of parental care in salamanders.
Misc Publ Mus Zool Univ Mich 169:1–50
Nussbaum RA (1987) Parental care and egg size in salamanders: an
examination of the safe harbor hypothesis. Res Popul Ecol
29:27–44
Nützel A, Lehnert O, Frýda J (2006) Origin of planktotrophy – evidence
from early molluscs. Evol Dev 8:325–330
Okazaki K, Dan K (1954) The metamorphosis of partial larvae of
Peronella japonica Mortensen, a sand dollar. Biol Bull 106(1):
83–99
Olive P (1983) Annelida – Polychaeta. In: Adiyodi KG, Adiyodi RG
(eds) Reproductive biology of invertebrates, vol 1, Oogenesis,
oviposition, and oosorption. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester,
pp 357–421
Olive PJW (1985) Covariability of reproductive traits in marine invertebrates: implications for the phylogeny of the lower invertebrates. In:
Conway Morris S, George JD, Gibson R, Platt HM (eds) The origins
and relationships of lower invertebrates. Oxford University Press,
Oxford, pp 42–59
Ostroumoff A (1886a) Contribition à l’étude zoologique et morphologique des Bryozoaires du Golfe de Sebastopol. Arch Slav Biol
1:557–569
Ostroumoff A (1886b) Research on bryozoans of the Sebastopol Bay in
systematic and morphological respects. Works Soc Nat Imp Kazan
Univ 16(2):1–124 [In Russian]
Ostrovsky AN (1998a) Variability of ooeciostome shape and position in
Antarctic idmidroniform bryozoans (Bryozoa: Tubuliporida). Zool
Anz 237(2–3):97–106
Ostrovsky AN (1998b) The genus Anguisia as a model of a possible
origin of erect growth in some Cyclostomatida (Bryozoa). Zool J
Linn Soc 124(4):355–367
Ostrovsky AN (1998c) Comparative studies of ovicell anatomy and
reproductive patterns in Cribrilina annulata and Celleporella
hyalina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Acta Zool 79(4):287–318
Ostrovsky AN (2002) Brood chambers in cribrimorphs evolved by
fusion of costae: further arguments. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler
CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds) Bryozoan studies 2001. AA Balkema
Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/Exton/Tokyo, pp 247–255
Ostrovsky AN (2008) External versus internal and self- versus
cross- fertilization in Bryozoa: transformation of the view and
evolutionary considerations. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Spencer
Jones ME (eds) Annals of bryozoology 2: aspects of the history
of research on bryozoans. International Bryozoology Association,
Dublin, pp 103–115
Ostrovsky AN (2009) Evolution of sexual reproduction in the bryozoan
order Cheilostomata (Gymnolaemata). St Petersburg State
University, St Petersburg [in Russian with English summary]
Ostrovsky AN (2013) From incipient to substantial: evolution of placentotrophy in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates. Evolution
67(5):1368–1382
Ostrovsky AN, Shunatova NN (2002) Colonial behaviour and group
zooidal reactions in Bryozoa: history of the research. In: Wyse
Jackson PN, Spencer Jones ME (eds) Annals of bryozoology:
aspects of the history of research on bryozoans. International
Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp 185–200
Ostrovsky AN, Taylor PD (1996) Systematics of some Antarctic
Idmidronea and Exidmonea (Bryozoa: Cyclostomata). J Nat Hist
30:1549–1575
Ostrovsky AN, Shunatova NN, Antipenko II (2002) Historical review
on individual autozooidal behaviour and feeding mechanisms in
Bryozoa. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Spencer Jones ME (eds) Annals
of bryozoology: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans.
International Bryozoology Association, Dublin, pp 201–228
Ostrovsky AN, Grischenko AV, Taylor PD, Bock P, Mawatari SF (2006)
Comparative anatomical study of internal brooding in three anascan
bryozoans (Cheilostomata) and its taxonomical and evolutionary
implications. J Morphol 267(6):739–749
Ostrovsky AN, Dick MH, Mawatari SF (2007) The internal-brooding
apparatus in the bryozoan genus Cauloramphus (Cheilostomata:
Calloporidae) and its inferred homology to ovicells. Zool Sci
25(1):36–52
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata