277
Marcus E (1926a) Beobachtungen und Versuche an lebeden
Meeresbryozoen. Zool Jahrb Syst Oekol Geogr Tiere 52:1–102
Marcus E (1926b) Bryozoa. In: Grimpe G, Wagler E (eds) Die Tierwelt
der Nord und Ostsee, vol 4(7c). AVG, Leipzig, pp 1–100
Marcus E (1934) Über Lophopus crystallinus (Pall.). Zool Jahr Abt
Anat Ont Tiere 58:501–606
Marcus E (1938) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros II. Bol Fac Philos
Sci Letr Univ Sao Paulo IV Zool 2:1–196
Marcus E (1939) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros III. Bol Fac Fil Cie
Letr Univ Sao Paulo XIII Zool 3:111–354
Marcus E (1941a) Sobre Bryozoa do Brasil. Bol Fac Fil Cie Letr Univ
Sao Paulo XXII Zool 5:3–208
Marcus E (1941b) Sobre o desenvolvimento do bryozoario Synnotum
aegyptiacum . Arq Cir Clin Exp 5:227–234
Marshall DJ (2008) Transgenerational plasticity in the sea: contextdependent maternal effects across the life history. Ecology
89(2):418–427
Marshall DJ, Bolton TF (2007) Effects of egg size on the development
time of non-feeding larvae. Biol Bull 212:6–11
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2003) Variation in the dispersal potential of
non-feeding larvae: the desperate larva hypothesis and larval size.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 255:145–153
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2004a) Variable effects of larval size on
post- metamorphic performance in the fi eld. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
279:73–80
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2004b) When the going gets rough: effect of
maternal size manipulation on larval quality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
272:301–305
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2006) Complex life-cycles and offspring
provisioning in marine invertebrates. Integr Comp Biol 46(5):
643–651
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2008a) The relationship between offspring
size and performance in the sea. Am Nat 171:214–224
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2008b) Offspring size plasticity in response
to intraspecifi c competition: and adaptive maternal effect across
life-history stages. Am Nat 171(2):225–237
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2009) Does interspecifi c competition affect
offspring provisioning? Ecology 90(2):487–495
Marshall DJ, Bolton TF, Keough MJ (2003) Offspring size affects the
post-metamorphic performance of a colonial marine invertebrate.
Ecology 84:3131–3137
Marshall DJ, Allen RM, Crean AJ (2008) The ecological and evolutionary importance of maternal effects in the sea. Oceanogr Mar Biol
46:203–250
Marshall DJ, Krug PJ, Kupriyanova EK, Byrne M, Emlet RB (2012)
The biogeography of marine invertebrate life histories. Annu Rev
Ecol Evol Syst 43(1):97–114
Marsh-Matthews E, Deaton R, Brooks M (2010) Survey of matrotrophy
in lecithotrophic poeciliids. In: Uribe MC, Grier HJ (eds) Viviparous
fi shes II. New Life Publications, Homestead, pp 255–258
Martin RE (2003) Marine plankton. In: Briggs DEG, Crowther PR (eds)
Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, pp 309–312
Matricon I (1960) Dégénérescence du polypide femelle et formation
d’une poche incubatrice chez Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassal)
(Bryozoaire Cténostome). Arch Zool Exp Gen 102:79–93
Matricon I (1963) Etude histologique d´ Alcyonidium polyoum
(Hassall) caractères structuraux spécifi ques d´ Alcyonidium mytili
Dalyell. Cah Biol Mar 1:359–395
Matsuda R (1987) Animal evolution in changing environments with
special reference to abnormal metamorphosis. John Wiley and Sons,
New York
Mawatari S (1951) On the natural history of a common fouling bryozoan, Bugula neritina (Linnaeus). Misc Rep Res Inst Nat Res Tokyo
20:47–54
Mawatari SF (1973a) The post-larval development of Membranipora
serrilamella Osburn (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Proc Jap Soc Syst
Zool 9:45–53
Mawatari S (1973b) Studies on Japanese anascan Bryozoa. 2. Division
Scrupariina. Bull Nat Sci Mus Tokyo 16(4):605–624
Mawatari SF (1975) The life history of Membranipora serrilamella
Osburn (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Bull Lib Art Sci Sch Med Nihon
Univ 3:19–57
Mawatari SF, Itô T (1972) The morphology of cyphonautes larva of
Membranipora serrilamella Osburn from Hokkaido. J Fac Sci
Hokkaido Univ 18(3):400–405
Mawatari S, Mawatari SF (1975) Development and metamorphosis
of the cyphonautes of Membranipora serrilamella Osburn. In:
Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS
3(1), pp 13–18
Maynard Smith J (1989) The causes of extinction. Philos Trans R Soc
B 325(1228):241–252
McEdward LR (ed) (1995) Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. CRC
Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington, DC
McEdward LR (1996) Experimental manipulation of parental investment in echinoid echinoderms. Am Zool 36:169–179
McEdward LR (1997) Reproductive strategies of marine benthic
invertebrates revisited: facultative feeding by planctotrophic larvae.
Am Nat 150(1):48–72
McEdward LR (2000) Adaptive evolution of larvae and life cycles.
Semin Cell Dev Biol 11:403–409
McEdward LR, Carson SF (1987) Variation in egg organic content and
its relationship with egg size in the starfi sh Solaster stimpsoni . Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 37:159–169
McEdward LR, Janies DA (1993) Life cycle evolution in asteroids. Biol
Bull 184:255–268
McEdward LR, Janies DA (1997) Relationships among development,
ecology, and morphology in the evolution of echinoderm larvae and
life cycles. Biol J Lin Soc 60:381–400
McEdward LR, Miner BG (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. In: Biology of neglected groups: Echinodemata. Can J
Zool 79(7):1125–1170
McEdward LR, Miner BG (2003) Fecundity-time models of reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates: fi tness differences
under fl uctuating environmental conditions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
256:111–121
McHugh D, Rouse GW (1998) Life history evolution of marine invertebrates: new views from phylogenetic systematics. Trends Ecol Evol
13(5):182–186
McKinney FK (1981) Intercolony fusion suggests polyembryony in
Paleozoic fenestrate bryozoans. Paleobiology 7(2):247–251
McKinney FK (1986a) Evolution of erect marine bryozoan faunas:
repeated success of unilaminate species. Am Nat 128:795–809
McKinney FK (1986b) Historical record of erect bryozoan growth
forms. Proc R Soc B 228:133–148
McKinney FK (1992) Competitive interactions between related clades:
evolutionary implications of overgrowth interactions between
encrusting cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans. Mar Biol
114:645–652
McKinney FK (1993) A faster-paced world?: contrasts in biovolume
and life-process rates in cyclostome (Class Stenolaemata) and
cheilostome (Class Gymnolaemata) bryozoans. Paleobiology
19(3):335–351
McKinney FK (1995) One hundred million years of competitive interactions between bryozoan clades: asymmetrical but not escalating.
Biol J Lin Soc 56:465–481
McKinney FK (2000) Phylloporinids and the phylogeny of Fenestrida.
In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC (eds) Proceedings of the 11th
international bryozoology association conference. Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, Panama, pp 54–65
McKinney FK, Jackson JDC (1989) Bryozoan evolution. Unwin
Hyman, Boston
McKinney FK, Taylor PD (2001) Bryozoan generic extinctions and
originations during the last one hundred million years. Palaeontol
Electron 4(1):1–26
References
Marcus E (1926a) Beobachtungen und Versuche an lebeden
Meeresbryozoen. Zool Jahrb Syst Oekol Geogr Tiere 52:1–102
Marcus E (1926b) Bryozoa. In: Grimpe G, Wagler E (eds) Die Tierwelt
der Nord und Ostsee, vol 4(7c). AVG, Leipzig, pp 1–100
Marcus E (1934) Über Lophopus crystallinus (Pall.). Zool Jahr Abt
Anat Ont Tiere 58:501–606
Marcus E (1938) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros II. Bol Fac Philos
Sci Letr Univ Sao Paulo IV Zool 2:1–196
Marcus E (1939) Bryozoarios marinhos brasileiros III. Bol Fac Fil Cie
Letr Univ Sao Paulo XIII Zool 3:111–354
Marcus E (1941a) Sobre Bryozoa do Brasil. Bol Fac Fil Cie Letr Univ
Sao Paulo XXII Zool 5:3–208
Marcus E (1941b) Sobre o desenvolvimento do bryozoario Synnotum
aegyptiacum . Arq Cir Clin Exp 5:227–234
Marshall DJ (2008) Transgenerational plasticity in the sea: contextdependent maternal effects across the life history. Ecology
89(2):418–427
Marshall DJ, Bolton TF (2007) Effects of egg size on the development
time of non-feeding larvae. Biol Bull 212:6–11
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2003) Variation in the dispersal potential of
non-feeding larvae: the desperate larva hypothesis and larval size.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 255:145–153
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2004a) Variable effects of larval size on
post- metamorphic performance in the fi eld. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
279:73–80
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2004b) When the going gets rough: effect of
maternal size manipulation on larval quality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
272:301–305
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2006) Complex life-cycles and offspring
provisioning in marine invertebrates. Integr Comp Biol 46(5):
643–651
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2008a) The relationship between offspring
size and performance in the sea. Am Nat 171:214–224
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2008b) Offspring size plasticity in response
to intraspecifi c competition: and adaptive maternal effect across
life-history stages. Am Nat 171(2):225–237
Marshall DJ, Keough MJ (2009) Does interspecifi c competition affect
offspring provisioning? Ecology 90(2):487–495
Marshall DJ, Bolton TF, Keough MJ (2003) Offspring size affects the
post-metamorphic performance of a colonial marine invertebrate.
Ecology 84:3131–3137
Marshall DJ, Allen RM, Crean AJ (2008) The ecological and evolutionary importance of maternal effects in the sea. Oceanogr Mar Biol
46:203–250
Marshall DJ, Krug PJ, Kupriyanova EK, Byrne M, Emlet RB (2012)
The biogeography of marine invertebrate life histories. Annu Rev
Ecol Evol Syst 43(1):97–114
Marsh-Matthews E, Deaton R, Brooks M (2010) Survey of matrotrophy
in lecithotrophic poeciliids. In: Uribe MC, Grier HJ (eds) Viviparous
fi shes II. New Life Publications, Homestead, pp 255–258
Martin RE (2003) Marine plankton. In: Briggs DEG, Crowther PR (eds)
Palaeobiology II. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, pp 309–312
Matricon I (1960) Dégénérescence du polypide femelle et formation
d’une poche incubatrice chez Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassal)
(Bryozoaire Cténostome). Arch Zool Exp Gen 102:79–93
Matricon I (1963) Etude histologique d´ Alcyonidium polyoum
(Hassall) caractères structuraux spécifi ques d´ Alcyonidium mytili
Dalyell. Cah Biol Mar 1:359–395
Matsuda R (1987) Animal evolution in changing environments with
special reference to abnormal metamorphosis. John Wiley and Sons,
New York
Mawatari S (1951) On the natural history of a common fouling bryozoan, Bugula neritina (Linnaeus). Misc Rep Res Inst Nat Res Tokyo
20:47–54
Mawatari SF (1973a) The post-larval development of Membranipora
serrilamella Osburn (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Proc Jap Soc Syst
Zool 9:45–53
Mawatari S (1973b) Studies on Japanese anascan Bryozoa. 2. Division
Scrupariina. Bull Nat Sci Mus Tokyo 16(4):605–624
Mawatari SF (1975) The life history of Membranipora serrilamella
Osburn (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata). Bull Lib Art Sci Sch Med Nihon
Univ 3:19–57
Mawatari SF, Itô T (1972) The morphology of cyphonautes larva of
Membranipora serrilamella Osburn from Hokkaido. J Fac Sci
Hokkaido Univ 18(3):400–405
Mawatari S, Mawatari SF (1975) Development and metamorphosis
of the cyphonautes of Membranipora serrilamella Osburn. In:
Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS
3(1), pp 13–18
Maynard Smith J (1989) The causes of extinction. Philos Trans R Soc
B 325(1228):241–252
McEdward LR (ed) (1995) Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. CRC
Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington, DC
McEdward LR (1996) Experimental manipulation of parental investment in echinoid echinoderms. Am Zool 36:169–179
McEdward LR (1997) Reproductive strategies of marine benthic
invertebrates revisited: facultative feeding by planctotrophic larvae.
Am Nat 150(1):48–72
McEdward LR (2000) Adaptive evolution of larvae and life cycles.
Semin Cell Dev Biol 11:403–409
McEdward LR, Carson SF (1987) Variation in egg organic content and
its relationship with egg size in the starfi sh Solaster stimpsoni . Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 37:159–169
McEdward LR, Janies DA (1993) Life cycle evolution in asteroids. Biol
Bull 184:255–268
McEdward LR, Janies DA (1997) Relationships among development,
ecology, and morphology in the evolution of echinoderm larvae and
life cycles. Biol J Lin Soc 60:381–400
McEdward LR, Miner BG (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. In: Biology of neglected groups: Echinodemata. Can J
Zool 79(7):1125–1170
McEdward LR, Miner BG (2003) Fecundity-time models of reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates: fi tness differences
under fl uctuating environmental conditions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
256:111–121
McHugh D, Rouse GW (1998) Life history evolution of marine invertebrates: new views from phylogenetic systematics. Trends Ecol Evol
13(5):182–186
McKinney FK (1981) Intercolony fusion suggests polyembryony in
Paleozoic fenestrate bryozoans. Paleobiology 7(2):247–251
McKinney FK (1986a) Evolution of erect marine bryozoan faunas:
repeated success of unilaminate species. Am Nat 128:795–809
McKinney FK (1986b) Historical record of erect bryozoan growth
forms. Proc R Soc B 228:133–148
McKinney FK (1992) Competitive interactions between related clades:
evolutionary implications of overgrowth interactions between
encrusting cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans. Mar Biol
114:645–652
McKinney FK (1993) A faster-paced world?: contrasts in biovolume
and life-process rates in cyclostome (Class Stenolaemata) and
cheilostome (Class Gymnolaemata) bryozoans. Paleobiology
19(3):335–351
McKinney FK (1995) One hundred million years of competitive interactions between bryozoan clades: asymmetrical but not escalating.
Biol J Lin Soc 56:465–481
McKinney FK (2000) Phylloporinids and the phylogeny of Fenestrida.
In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC (eds) Proceedings of the 11th
international bryozoology association conference. Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, Panama, pp 54–65
McKinney FK, Jackson JDC (1989) Bryozoan evolution. Unwin
Hyman, Boston
McKinney FK, Taylor PD (2001) Bryozoan generic extinctions and
originations during the last one hundred million years. Palaeontol
Electron 4(1):1–26
References