276
Jablonski D (2005) Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the
intersection of ecology, development, and macroevolution. J Exp
Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 304B:504–519
Jablonski D, Lutz RA (1983) Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biol Rev 58:21–89
Jablonski D, Lidgard S, Tayor PD (1997) Comparative ecology of
bryozoan radiations: origin of novelties in Cyclostomes and
Cheilostomes. Palaios 12:505–523
Jaeckle WB (1995) Variation in the size, energy content, and biochemical composition of invertebrate eggs: correlates to the mode of
larval development. In: McEdwards L (ed) Ecology of marine
invertebrate larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/
Washington, DC, pp 49–77
Jägersten G (1972) Evolution of the metazoan life cycle. Academic
Press, New York
Jebram D (1973) Zooid individuality and brooding organs (Bryozoa). Z
Morphol Tiere 75:255–258
Jebram D (1978) Preliminary studies of “abnormities” in bryozoans
from the point of view of experimental morphology. Zool Jahrb
Anat Ont Tier 100:245–275
Jebram D (1985) Panolicella nutans , gen. et sp. n., its description,
development, and laboratory cultivation. Zool Scr 14:11–18
Jebram D (1992) The polyphyletic origin of the Cheilostomata
(Bryozoa). Z Zool Syst Evol 30:46–52
Jebram D, Everitt B (1982) New victorellids (Bryozoa, Cenostomata)
from North America: the use of parallel cultures in bryozoan taxonomy. Biol Bull 163:172–187
Jeffery CH (1997) Dawn of echinoid nonplanktotrophy: coordinated
shifts in development indicate environmental instability prior to the
K-T boundary. Geology 25(11):991–994
Jeffery СH, Emlet RB (2003) Macroevolutionary consequences of
developmental mode in temnopleurid echinoids from the Tertiary of
southern Australia. Evolution 57:1031–1048
Jeffery CH, Emlet RB, Littlewood DTJ (2003) Phylogeny and evolution
of developmental mode in temnopleurid echinoids. Mol Phylogenet
Evol 28:99–118
Johnson CC (1999) Evolution of Cretaceous surface current circulation
patterns, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. In: Barrera E, Johnston CC
(eds) Evolution of the Cretaceous ocean-climate system. Geological
Society of America, Boulder, pp 329–343
Joliet L (1877) Contributions à l’histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires des
côtes de France. Arch Zool Exp Gen 6:193–304
Kasyanov VL (1989) Reproductive strategies of marine bivalvian
mollusks and echinoderms. Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian]
Kasyanov VL, Kryuchkova GA, Kulikova VA, Medvedeva LA (1998)
Larvae of marine bivalves and echinoderms. Pawson DL (ed)
Science Publishers, Enfi eld
Kempf SC, Hadfi eld MG (1985) Planktotrophy by the lecithotrophic
larvae of a nudibranch, Phestilla sibogae (Gastropoda). Biol Bull
169:119–130
Kempf SC, Todd CD (1989) Feeding potential in the lecithotrophic
larvae of Adalaria proxima and Tritonia hombergi : an evolutionary
perspective. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 69:659–682
Kluge GA (1975) Bryozoa of the northern seas of the USSR. Keys on
the fauna of the USSR published by the Zoological Institute,
Academy of Sciences of the USSR 76:1–711. Amerind Publishing
Co, New Delhi
Knight S, Gordon DP, Lavery SDВ (2011) A multi-locus analysis of
phylogenetic relationships within cheilostome bryozoans supports
multiple origins of ascophoran frontal shields. Mol Phylogenet Evol
61:351–362
Knowlton N, Jackson JBC (1993) Inbreeding and outbreeding in marine
invertebrates. In: Thornhill NW (ed) The natural history of inbreeding
and outbreeding. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 200–249
Korneva JV (2005) Placental type interactions and evolutionary trends
of development of uterus in cestodes. J Evol Biochem Physiol
41:552–560
Kosman ET, Pernet B (2009) Diel variation in the size of larvae of
Bugula neritina in fi eld populations. Biol Bull 216:85–93
Kraepelin K (1887) Die Deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen. Anatomishsystematischer Teil. Abh Geb Nat Ver Hamburg 10:1–168
Krug PJ (1998) Poecilogony in an estuarine opistobranch: planktotrophy, lecithotrophy, and mixed clutches in a population of the ascoglossan Alderia modesta . Mar Biol 132:483–494
Krug PJ (2007) Poecilogony and larval ecology in the gastropod genus
Alderia . Am Malacol Bull 23:99–111
Krug PJ, Ellingson RA, Burton R, Valdés Á (2007) A new poecilogonid
species of sea slug (Opistobranchia: Sacoglossa) from California:
comparison with planktotrophic congener Alderia modesta (Lovén,
1844). J Mollus Stud 73:29–38
Kuklinski P, Porter JS (2004) Alcyonidium disciforme : an exceptional
Arctic bryozoan. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 84:267–275
Kuznetzov VV (1941) Dynamics of the biocenosis of Microporella ciliata in the Barentz Sea. Proc Zool Inst Acad Sci USSR 7:114–139
[in Russian with French summary]
Larwood GP (1979) Colonial integration in Cretaceous cribrimorph
Bryozoa. In: Larwood GP, Abbott MB (eds) Advances in bryozoology. Systematics association special, vol 13. Academic Press,
London/New York/San Francisco, pp 503–520
Larwood GP, Taylor PD (1981) Mesozoic bryozoan evolution:
response to increasing predation pressure? In: Larwood GP, Nielsen
C (eds) Recent and fossil Bryozoa. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg,
pp 312–313
Lawlor LR (1976) Parental investment and offspring fi tness in the terrestrial isopod Armadillium vulgare (Latr.) (Crustacea, Oniscoidea).
Evolution 30:775–785
Leckie RM, Bralower TJ, Cashman R (2002) Oceanic anoxic events
and plankton evolution: biotic response to tectonic forcing during
the mid-Cretaceous. Paleoceanography 17(13):1–29
Lee MSY, Shine R (1998) Reptilian viviparity and Dollo’s law.
Evolution 52:1441–1450
Lessios HA (1990) Adaptations and phylogeny as determinants of egg
size in echinoderms from the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama.
Am Nat 135(1):1–13
Levin LA (1984) Multiple patterns of development in Streblospio benedicti Webster (Spionidae) from three coasts of North America. Biol
Bull 166:494–508
Levin LF, Bridges TS (1995) Pattern and diversity in reproduction and
development. In: McEdwards L (ed) Ecology of marine invertebrate
larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington,
DC, pp 1–48
Lidgard S (2008a) Predation on marine bryozoan colonies: taxa, traits
and trophic groups. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 359:17–131
Lidgard S (2008b) How should we consider predation risk in marine
bryozoans? In: Hageman SJ, Key MMJ Jr, Winston JE (eds)
Proceedings of the 14th international bryozoology association,
Virginia Mus Nat Hist Spec Publ 15:123–131
Lidgard S, McKinney FK, Taylor PD (1993) Competition, clade
replacement, and a history of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoan
diversity. Paleobiology 19(3):352–371
Lidgard S, Carter MC, Dick MH, Gordon DP, Ostrovsky AN (2012)
Division of labor and recurrent evolution of polymorphisms in a
group of colonial animals. Evol Ecol 26(2):233–257
Lombardi J (1998) Comparative vertebrate reproduction. Kluwer
Academic Publishers Group, Boston
Mackie GL (1984) Bivalves. In: Tompa AS, Verdonk NH, Van den
Biggelaar JAM (eds) The Mollusca, vol 7. Academic Press,
London, pp 351–418
Macleod RG, Huber DN (1996) Reorganization of deep ocean circulation accompanying a Late Cretaceous extinction event. Nature
380:422–425
Mank JE, Promislow DEL, Avise JC (2005) Phylogenetic perspectives
in the evolution of parental care in ray-fi nned fi shes. Evolution
59:1570–1578
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata
Jablonski D (2005) Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the
intersection of ecology, development, and macroevolution. J Exp
Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 304B:504–519
Jablonski D, Lutz RA (1983) Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biol Rev 58:21–89
Jablonski D, Lidgard S, Tayor PD (1997) Comparative ecology of
bryozoan radiations: origin of novelties in Cyclostomes and
Cheilostomes. Palaios 12:505–523
Jaeckle WB (1995) Variation in the size, energy content, and biochemical composition of invertebrate eggs: correlates to the mode of
larval development. In: McEdwards L (ed) Ecology of marine
invertebrate larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/
Washington, DC, pp 49–77
Jägersten G (1972) Evolution of the metazoan life cycle. Academic
Press, New York
Jebram D (1973) Zooid individuality and brooding organs (Bryozoa). Z
Morphol Tiere 75:255–258
Jebram D (1978) Preliminary studies of “abnormities” in bryozoans
from the point of view of experimental morphology. Zool Jahrb
Anat Ont Tier 100:245–275
Jebram D (1985) Panolicella nutans , gen. et sp. n., its description,
development, and laboratory cultivation. Zool Scr 14:11–18
Jebram D (1992) The polyphyletic origin of the Cheilostomata
(Bryozoa). Z Zool Syst Evol 30:46–52
Jebram D, Everitt B (1982) New victorellids (Bryozoa, Cenostomata)
from North America: the use of parallel cultures in bryozoan taxonomy. Biol Bull 163:172–187
Jeffery CH (1997) Dawn of echinoid nonplanktotrophy: coordinated
shifts in development indicate environmental instability prior to the
K-T boundary. Geology 25(11):991–994
Jeffery СH, Emlet RB (2003) Macroevolutionary consequences of
developmental mode in temnopleurid echinoids from the Tertiary of
southern Australia. Evolution 57:1031–1048
Jeffery CH, Emlet RB, Littlewood DTJ (2003) Phylogeny and evolution
of developmental mode in temnopleurid echinoids. Mol Phylogenet
Evol 28:99–118
Johnson CC (1999) Evolution of Cretaceous surface current circulation
patterns, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. In: Barrera E, Johnston CC
(eds) Evolution of the Cretaceous ocean-climate system. Geological
Society of America, Boulder, pp 329–343
Joliet L (1877) Contributions à l’histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires des
côtes de France. Arch Zool Exp Gen 6:193–304
Kasyanov VL (1989) Reproductive strategies of marine bivalvian
mollusks and echinoderms. Nauka, Leningrad [in Russian]
Kasyanov VL, Kryuchkova GA, Kulikova VA, Medvedeva LA (1998)
Larvae of marine bivalves and echinoderms. Pawson DL (ed)
Science Publishers, Enfi eld
Kempf SC, Hadfi eld MG (1985) Planktotrophy by the lecithotrophic
larvae of a nudibranch, Phestilla sibogae (Gastropoda). Biol Bull
169:119–130
Kempf SC, Todd CD (1989) Feeding potential in the lecithotrophic
larvae of Adalaria proxima and Tritonia hombergi : an evolutionary
perspective. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 69:659–682
Kluge GA (1975) Bryozoa of the northern seas of the USSR. Keys on
the fauna of the USSR published by the Zoological Institute,
Academy of Sciences of the USSR 76:1–711. Amerind Publishing
Co, New Delhi
Knight S, Gordon DP, Lavery SDВ (2011) A multi-locus analysis of
phylogenetic relationships within cheilostome bryozoans supports
multiple origins of ascophoran frontal shields. Mol Phylogenet Evol
61:351–362
Knowlton N, Jackson JBC (1993) Inbreeding and outbreeding in marine
invertebrates. In: Thornhill NW (ed) The natural history of inbreeding
and outbreeding. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 200–249
Korneva JV (2005) Placental type interactions and evolutionary trends
of development of uterus in cestodes. J Evol Biochem Physiol
41:552–560
Kosman ET, Pernet B (2009) Diel variation in the size of larvae of
Bugula neritina in fi eld populations. Biol Bull 216:85–93
Kraepelin K (1887) Die Deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen. Anatomishsystematischer Teil. Abh Geb Nat Ver Hamburg 10:1–168
Krug PJ (1998) Poecilogony in an estuarine opistobranch: planktotrophy, lecithotrophy, and mixed clutches in a population of the ascoglossan Alderia modesta . Mar Biol 132:483–494
Krug PJ (2007) Poecilogony and larval ecology in the gastropod genus
Alderia . Am Malacol Bull 23:99–111
Krug PJ, Ellingson RA, Burton R, Valdés Á (2007) A new poecilogonid
species of sea slug (Opistobranchia: Sacoglossa) from California:
comparison with planktotrophic congener Alderia modesta (Lovén,
1844). J Mollus Stud 73:29–38
Kuklinski P, Porter JS (2004) Alcyonidium disciforme : an exceptional
Arctic bryozoan. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 84:267–275
Kuznetzov VV (1941) Dynamics of the biocenosis of Microporella ciliata in the Barentz Sea. Proc Zool Inst Acad Sci USSR 7:114–139
[in Russian with French summary]
Larwood GP (1979) Colonial integration in Cretaceous cribrimorph
Bryozoa. In: Larwood GP, Abbott MB (eds) Advances in bryozoology. Systematics association special, vol 13. Academic Press,
London/New York/San Francisco, pp 503–520
Larwood GP, Taylor PD (1981) Mesozoic bryozoan evolution:
response to increasing predation pressure? In: Larwood GP, Nielsen
C (eds) Recent and fossil Bryozoa. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg,
pp 312–313
Lawlor LR (1976) Parental investment and offspring fi tness in the terrestrial isopod Armadillium vulgare (Latr.) (Crustacea, Oniscoidea).
Evolution 30:775–785
Leckie RM, Bralower TJ, Cashman R (2002) Oceanic anoxic events
and plankton evolution: biotic response to tectonic forcing during
the mid-Cretaceous. Paleoceanography 17(13):1–29
Lee MSY, Shine R (1998) Reptilian viviparity and Dollo’s law.
Evolution 52:1441–1450
Lessios HA (1990) Adaptations and phylogeny as determinants of egg
size in echinoderms from the two sides of the Isthmus of Panama.
Am Nat 135(1):1–13
Levin LA (1984) Multiple patterns of development in Streblospio benedicti Webster (Spionidae) from three coasts of North America. Biol
Bull 166:494–508
Levin LF, Bridges TS (1995) Pattern and diversity in reproduction and
development. In: McEdwards L (ed) Ecology of marine invertebrate
larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington,
DC, pp 1–48
Lidgard S (2008a) Predation on marine bryozoan colonies: taxa, traits
and trophic groups. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 359:17–131
Lidgard S (2008b) How should we consider predation risk in marine
bryozoans? In: Hageman SJ, Key MMJ Jr, Winston JE (eds)
Proceedings of the 14th international bryozoology association,
Virginia Mus Nat Hist Spec Publ 15:123–131
Lidgard S, McKinney FK, Taylor PD (1993) Competition, clade
replacement, and a history of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoan
diversity. Paleobiology 19(3):352–371
Lidgard S, Carter MC, Dick MH, Gordon DP, Ostrovsky AN (2012)
Division of labor and recurrent evolution of polymorphisms in a
group of colonial animals. Evol Ecol 26(2):233–257
Lombardi J (1998) Comparative vertebrate reproduction. Kluwer
Academic Publishers Group, Boston
Mackie GL (1984) Bivalves. In: Tompa AS, Verdonk NH, Van den
Biggelaar JAM (eds) The Mollusca, vol 7. Academic Press,
London, pp 351–418
Macleod RG, Huber DN (1996) Reorganization of deep ocean circulation accompanying a Late Cretaceous extinction event. Nature
380:422–425
Mank JE, Promislow DEL, Avise JC (2005) Phylogenetic perspectives
in the evolution of parental care in ray-fi nned fi shes. Evolution
59:1570–1578
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata