274
Collin R (2004) Phylogenetic effects, the loss of complex characters,
and the evolution of development in calyptraeid gastropods.
Evolution 58(7):1488–1502
Collin R, Chaparro OR, Winkler F, Véliz D (2007) Molecular phylogenetic and embryological evidence that feeding larvae have been
reacquired in a marine gastropod. Biol Bull 212(2):83–92
Cook PL (1960) The development of Electra crustulenta (Pallas)
(Polyzoa, Ectoprocta). Essex Nat 30(4):258–266
Cook PL (1962) The early larval development of Membranipora seurati
(Canu) and Electra crustulenta (Pallas), Polyzoa. Cah Biol Mar
3(1):57–60
Cook PL (1964) The development of Electra monostachys (Busk) and
Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus), Polyzoa, Anasca. Cah Biol Mar
5:391–397
Cook PL (1977a) Colony-wide water currents in living Bryozoa. Cah
Biol Mar 18:31–47
Cook PL (1977b) Early colony development in Aetea (Bryozoa). Am
Zool 17:55–61
Cook PL (1980) Further observations on water current patterns in living
Bryozoa. Cah Biol Mar 21:393–402
Cook PL (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana. Zool Wet Mus R Afr Centr
Tervuren Belg 238:1–315
Cook PL, Hayward PJ (1966) The development of Conopeum seurati
(Canu), and some other species of membraniporine Polyzoa. Cah
Biol Mar 7:437–443
Cori CJ (1941) Bryozoa. Ordnung der Tentaculata. Handb Zool III
2(5):263–374, 375–502
Corrêa DD (1948) A embryologia de Bugula fl abellata (J. V. Thompson)
Bryozoa Ectoprocta. Bol Fac Fil Ci Letr Univ Sao Paulo Zool
13:7–71
Cox LR, Nuttall CP, Trueman ER (1969) Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. In: Moore
RC (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part N, vol 1–3.
Geological Society of America, New York, pp i–xxxviii, 1–1224
Domenici L, Gremigni V (1977) Fine structure and functional role of
the coverings of the eggs in Mesostoma ehrenbergii (Focke)
(Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Zoomorphology 88:247–257
Drozdov AL, Ivankov VN (2000) Morphology of animal gametes.
Krugliy God, Moscow [in Russian]
Dudley JE (1973) Observations on the reproduction, early larval development, and colony astogeny of Conopeum tenuissimum (Canu).
Chesap Sci 14(4):270–278
Dulvy NK, Reynolds JD (1997) Evolutionary transitions among egglaying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc R
Soc B 264:1309–1315
Dyrynda PEJ (1981) A preliminary study of patterns of polypide
generation- degeneration in marine cheilostome Bryozoa. In:
Larwood GP, Nielsen C (eds) Recent and fossil Bryozoa. Olsen and
Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 73–81
Dyrynda PEJ, King PE (1982) Sexual reproduction in Epistomia bursaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata), an endozooidal brooder without
polypide recycling. J Zool 198:337–352
Dyrynda PEJ, King PE (1983) Gametogenesis in placental and nonplacental ovicellate cheilostome Bryozoa. J Zool 200:471–492
Dyrynda PEJ, Ryland JS (1982) Reproductive strategies and life histories in the cheilostome marine bryozoans Chartella papyracea and
Bugula fl abellata . Mar Biol 71:241–256
Eckelbarger KJ (1994) Diversity of metazoan ovaries and vitellogenic
mechanisms: implications for life history theory. Proc Biol Soc
Wash 107(1):193–218
Eggleston D (1963) The marine Polyzoa of the Isle of Man. PhD
dissertation, University of Liverpool
Eggleston D (1972) Patterns of reproduction in the marine Ectoprocta
of the Isle of Man. J Nat Hist 6:31–38
Ehlers E (1876) Hypophorella expansa . Ein beitrag zur Kenntniss der
minirenden Bryozoen. Abh Phys Clas Koniglichen Ges Wiss
Göttingen 21:3–157
Elkin C, Marshall DJ (2007) Desperate larvae: infl uence of deferred
costs and habitat requirements on habitat selection. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 335:143–153
Ellingson R, Krug P (2006) Evolution of poecilogony from planktotrophy:
cryptic speciation, phylogeography, and larval development in the
gastropod genus Alderia . Evolution 60(11):2293–2310
Emig CC (1982) Biology of Phoronida. In: Russell FS, Yonge CM (eds)
Advances in marine biology, vol 14. Academic Press, London, pp
1–89
Emig CC (1983) Phoronida. In: Adiyodi KG, Adiyodi RG (eds)
Reproductive biology of invertebrates, vol 1, Oogenesis, oviposition, and oosorption. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 535–542
Emlen JM (1973) The ecology: an evolutionary approach. AddisonWesley, Reading
Emlet RB (1986) Facultative planktotrophy in the tropical echinoid
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) and a comparison with obligate
planktotrophy in Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) (Clypeasteroida:
Echinoidea). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 95:183–202
Emlet RB (1990) World patterns of developmental mode in echinoid
echinoderms. In: Hoshi M, Yamashita O (eds) Advances in invertebrate reproduction 5. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam/New
York/Oxford, pp 329–335
Emlet RB, Hoegh-Guldberg O (1997) The effects of egg size on postlarval performance: experimental evidence from a sea urchin.
Evolution 51:141–152
Emlet RB, McEdward LR, Strathmann RR (1987) Echinoderm larval
ecology viewed from the egg. In: Jangoux M, Lawrence JM (eds)
Echinoderm studies. AA Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 55–136
Ereskovsky AV (2010) The comparative embryology of sponges.
Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York
Ernst A, Schäfer P (2006) Palaeozoic vs. post-Palaeozoic Stenolaemata:
phylogenetic relationship or morphological convergence? Cour
Forsch Senck 257:49–63
Erwin DH (2001) Lessons from the past: biotic recoveries from mass
extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(10):5399–5403
Falkner I, Byrne M, Sewell MA (2006) Maternal provisioning in
Ophionereis fasciata and O. schayeri : brittle stars with contrasting
modes of development. Biol Bull 211:204–207
Farley RD (2001) Structure, reproduction and development. In:
Brownell PH, Polis GA (eds) Scorpion biology and research.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 13–78
Farre AB (1837) Observations on the minute structure of some of the
higher forms of polypi, with views of a more natural arrangement of
the class. Philos Trans R Soc 1:387–426
Fensome RA, MacRae RA, Moldowan JM, Taylor FJR, Williams GL
(1996) The early Mesozoic radiation of dinofl agellates. Paleobiology
22(3):329–338
Fensome RA, Saldarriaga JF, Taylor FJR (1999) Dinofl agellate phylogeny revisited: reconciling morphological and molecular based phylogenies. Grana 38:66–80
Flemming AF, Blackburn DG (2003) Evolution of placental specializations in viviparous African and South American lizards. J Exp Zool
299A:33–47
Francke OF (1982) Parturition in scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones): a
review of the ideas. Rev Arachnol 4:27–37
Franzén Å (1956) On spermiogenesis, morphology of the spermatozoon, and biology of fertilization among invertebrates. Zool Bidr
Uppsala 31:355–481
Franzén Å (1970) Phylogenetic aspects of the morphology of spermatozoa and spermiogenesis. In: Baccetti B (ed) Comparative spermatology. Academic Press, New York, pp 29–46
Franzén Å (1987) Sperm ultrastructure in the Bryozoa. In: Ross JRP
(ed) Bryozoa: present and past. Western Washington University,
Billingham, pp 89–96
Frick JE (1998) Evidence of matrotrophy in the viviparous holothuroid
echinoderm Synaptula hydriformis . Invert Biol 117:169–179
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata
Collin R (2004) Phylogenetic effects, the loss of complex characters,
and the evolution of development in calyptraeid gastropods.
Evolution 58(7):1488–1502
Collin R, Chaparro OR, Winkler F, Véliz D (2007) Molecular phylogenetic and embryological evidence that feeding larvae have been
reacquired in a marine gastropod. Biol Bull 212(2):83–92
Cook PL (1960) The development of Electra crustulenta (Pallas)
(Polyzoa, Ectoprocta). Essex Nat 30(4):258–266
Cook PL (1962) The early larval development of Membranipora seurati
(Canu) and Electra crustulenta (Pallas), Polyzoa. Cah Biol Mar
3(1):57–60
Cook PL (1964) The development of Electra monostachys (Busk) and
Conopeum reticulum (Linnaeus), Polyzoa, Anasca. Cah Biol Mar
5:391–397
Cook PL (1977a) Colony-wide water currents in living Bryozoa. Cah
Biol Mar 18:31–47
Cook PL (1977b) Early colony development in Aetea (Bryozoa). Am
Zool 17:55–61
Cook PL (1980) Further observations on water current patterns in living
Bryozoa. Cah Biol Mar 21:393–402
Cook PL (1985) Bryozoa from Ghana. Zool Wet Mus R Afr Centr
Tervuren Belg 238:1–315
Cook PL, Hayward PJ (1966) The development of Conopeum seurati
(Canu), and some other species of membraniporine Polyzoa. Cah
Biol Mar 7:437–443
Cori CJ (1941) Bryozoa. Ordnung der Tentaculata. Handb Zool III
2(5):263–374, 375–502
Corrêa DD (1948) A embryologia de Bugula fl abellata (J. V. Thompson)
Bryozoa Ectoprocta. Bol Fac Fil Ci Letr Univ Sao Paulo Zool
13:7–71
Cox LR, Nuttall CP, Trueman ER (1969) Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. In: Moore
RC (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part N, vol 1–3.
Geological Society of America, New York, pp i–xxxviii, 1–1224
Domenici L, Gremigni V (1977) Fine structure and functional role of
the coverings of the eggs in Mesostoma ehrenbergii (Focke)
(Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela). Zoomorphology 88:247–257
Drozdov AL, Ivankov VN (2000) Morphology of animal gametes.
Krugliy God, Moscow [in Russian]
Dudley JE (1973) Observations on the reproduction, early larval development, and colony astogeny of Conopeum tenuissimum (Canu).
Chesap Sci 14(4):270–278
Dulvy NK, Reynolds JD (1997) Evolutionary transitions among egglaying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc R
Soc B 264:1309–1315
Dyrynda PEJ (1981) A preliminary study of patterns of polypide
generation- degeneration in marine cheilostome Bryozoa. In:
Larwood GP, Nielsen C (eds) Recent and fossil Bryozoa. Olsen and
Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 73–81
Dyrynda PEJ, King PE (1982) Sexual reproduction in Epistomia bursaria (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata), an endozooidal brooder without
polypide recycling. J Zool 198:337–352
Dyrynda PEJ, King PE (1983) Gametogenesis in placental and nonplacental ovicellate cheilostome Bryozoa. J Zool 200:471–492
Dyrynda PEJ, Ryland JS (1982) Reproductive strategies and life histories in the cheilostome marine bryozoans Chartella papyracea and
Bugula fl abellata . Mar Biol 71:241–256
Eckelbarger KJ (1994) Diversity of metazoan ovaries and vitellogenic
mechanisms: implications for life history theory. Proc Biol Soc
Wash 107(1):193–218
Eggleston D (1963) The marine Polyzoa of the Isle of Man. PhD
dissertation, University of Liverpool
Eggleston D (1972) Patterns of reproduction in the marine Ectoprocta
of the Isle of Man. J Nat Hist 6:31–38
Ehlers E (1876) Hypophorella expansa . Ein beitrag zur Kenntniss der
minirenden Bryozoen. Abh Phys Clas Koniglichen Ges Wiss
Göttingen 21:3–157
Elkin C, Marshall DJ (2007) Desperate larvae: infl uence of deferred
costs and habitat requirements on habitat selection. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 335:143–153
Ellingson R, Krug P (2006) Evolution of poecilogony from planktotrophy:
cryptic speciation, phylogeography, and larval development in the
gastropod genus Alderia . Evolution 60(11):2293–2310
Emig CC (1982) Biology of Phoronida. In: Russell FS, Yonge CM (eds)
Advances in marine biology, vol 14. Academic Press, London, pp
1–89
Emig CC (1983) Phoronida. In: Adiyodi KG, Adiyodi RG (eds)
Reproductive biology of invertebrates, vol 1, Oogenesis, oviposition, and oosorption. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 535–542
Emlen JM (1973) The ecology: an evolutionary approach. AddisonWesley, Reading
Emlet RB (1986) Facultative planktotrophy in the tropical echinoid
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) and a comparison with obligate
planktotrophy in Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) (Clypeasteroida:
Echinoidea). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 95:183–202
Emlet RB (1990) World patterns of developmental mode in echinoid
echinoderms. In: Hoshi M, Yamashita O (eds) Advances in invertebrate reproduction 5. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam/New
York/Oxford, pp 329–335
Emlet RB, Hoegh-Guldberg O (1997) The effects of egg size on postlarval performance: experimental evidence from a sea urchin.
Evolution 51:141–152
Emlet RB, McEdward LR, Strathmann RR (1987) Echinoderm larval
ecology viewed from the egg. In: Jangoux M, Lawrence JM (eds)
Echinoderm studies. AA Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp 55–136
Ereskovsky AV (2010) The comparative embryology of sponges.
Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York
Ernst A, Schäfer P (2006) Palaeozoic vs. post-Palaeozoic Stenolaemata:
phylogenetic relationship or morphological convergence? Cour
Forsch Senck 257:49–63
Erwin DH (2001) Lessons from the past: biotic recoveries from mass
extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(10):5399–5403
Falkner I, Byrne M, Sewell MA (2006) Maternal provisioning in
Ophionereis fasciata and O. schayeri : brittle stars with contrasting
modes of development. Biol Bull 211:204–207
Farley RD (2001) Structure, reproduction and development. In:
Brownell PH, Polis GA (eds) Scorpion biology and research.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 13–78
Farre AB (1837) Observations on the minute structure of some of the
higher forms of polypi, with views of a more natural arrangement of
the class. Philos Trans R Soc 1:387–426
Fensome RA, MacRae RA, Moldowan JM, Taylor FJR, Williams GL
(1996) The early Mesozoic radiation of dinofl agellates. Paleobiology
22(3):329–338
Fensome RA, Saldarriaga JF, Taylor FJR (1999) Dinofl agellate phylogeny revisited: reconciling morphological and molecular based phylogenies. Grana 38:66–80
Flemming AF, Blackburn DG (2003) Evolution of placental specializations in viviparous African and South American lizards. J Exp Zool
299A:33–47
Francke OF (1982) Parturition in scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones): a
review of the ideas. Rev Arachnol 4:27–37
Franzén Å (1956) On spermiogenesis, morphology of the spermatozoon, and biology of fertilization among invertebrates. Zool Bidr
Uppsala 31:355–481
Franzén Å (1970) Phylogenetic aspects of the morphology of spermatozoa and spermiogenesis. In: Baccetti B (ed) Comparative spermatology. Academic Press, New York, pp 29–46
Franzén Å (1987) Sperm ultrastructure in the Bryozoa. In: Ross JRP
(ed) Bryozoa: present and past. Western Washington University,
Billingham, pp 89–96
Frick JE (1998) Evidence of matrotrophy in the viviparous holothuroid
echinoderm Synaptula hydriformis . Invert Biol 117:169–179
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata