xxvii
Helmkampf M, Bruchaus I, Hausdorf B (2008a) Phylogenomic analyses of lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans) confi rm the Lophotrochozoa concept. Proc R Soc B 275:1927–1933
Helmkampf M, Bruchaus I, Hausdorf B (2008b) Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath
phylogenetic relationships. Mol Phylogenet Evol 46:206–214
Hennig W (1979) Wirbellose I (ausgenommen Gliedertiere). Taschenbuch der Speziellen Zoologie, 4th edn.
Fischer Verlag, Jena
Hickman CS (1999) Larvae in invertebrate development and evolution. In: Hall BK, Wake MH (eds) The origin
and evolution of larval forms. Academic Press, San Diego/London/Boston/New York/Sydney/Tokyo/
Toronto, pp 21–59
Hu Z-X, Spjeldnaes N (1991) Early Ordovician bryozoans from China. In: Bigey FP (ed) Bryozoaires actuels
et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest Fr, Mem HS 1:179–185
Hyman LH (1959) The invertebrates: smaller coelomate groups, vol 5: VIII. McGraw-Hill, New York
Ivanov AV (1976) Relationship between Protostomia and Deuterostomia and a system of animal world. Zool
Zhurn 55(8):1125–1137 [in Russian]
Ivanova-Kazas ОМ (1977) Comparative embryology of invertebrate animals. Trochophorans, tentaculates,
gnathostomulids and pogonophorans. Nauka, Мoscow [in Russian]
Ivanova-Kazas ОМ (1986) Analysis of the larval development of Tentaculata. Zool Zhurn 65(5):757–770 [in
Russian]
Ivanova-Kazas ОМ (1995) Evolutionary embryology of animals. Nauka, St Petersburg [in Russian]
Jablonski D (1986) Larval ecology and macroevolution in marine invertebrates. Bull Mar Sci 39:565–587
Jablonski D (2005) Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the intersection of ecology, development, and
macroevolution. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 304B:504–519
Jablonski D, Lidgard S, Tayor PD (1997) Comparative ecology of bryozoan radiations: origin of novelties in
cyclstomes and cheilostomes. Palaios 12:505–523
Jablonski D, Lutz RA (1983) Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biol
Rev 58:21–89
Jägersten G (1972) Evolution of the metazoan life cycle. Academic Press, New York
Jang KH, Hwang UW (2009) Complete mitochondrial genome of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata,
Cheilostomata): phylogenetic position of Bryozoa and phylogeny of lophophorates within the
Lophotrochozoa. BMC Genomics 10:167
Jebram D (1973) The importance of different growth directions in the Phylactolaemata and Gymnolaemata for
reconstructing the phylogeny of the Bryozoa. In: Larwood GP (ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa: recent
advances in research. Academic Press, London, pp 565–576
Jebram D (1986) Arguments concerning the basal evolution of the Bryozoa. Z Zool Syst Evol 24:266–290
Jebram D (1992) The polyphyletic origin of the Cheilostomata (Bryozoa). Z Zool Syst Evol 30:46–52
Jeffery CH (1997) Dawn of echinoid nonplanctotrophy: coordinated shifts in development indicate environmental instability prior to the K-T boundary. Geology 25(11):991–994
Jenner RA, Littlewood DTJ (2008) Problematica old and new. Philos Trans R Soc B 363: 1503–1512
Kasyanov VL (1989) Reproductive strategies of marine bivalvian mollusks and echinoderms. Nauka, Leningrad
[in Russian]
Kluge GA (1975) Bryozoa of the northern seas of the USSR. Keys on the fauna of the USSR published by the
Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, vol 76. Amerind Publishing Co, New Delhi, pp
1–711
Kohring R, Pint A (2005) Fossile Süsswasserbryozoen – Vorkommen, Überlieferung, Fundbedingungen. In:
Woess E (ed) Moostiere (Bryozoa). Denisia 16, NS 28:95–102
Korschelt E, Heider K (1893) Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere,
vol 1. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Jena, pp 1–308
Kraepelin K (1887) Die Deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen. Anatomish-systematischer Teil. Abh Geb Nat Ver
Hamburg 10:1–168
Landing E, English A, Keppie JD (2010) Cambrian origin of all skeletalized metazoan phyla – discovery of
Earth’s oldest bryozoans (Upper Cambrian, Southern Mexico). Geology 38:547–550
Larwood GP, Taylor PD (1979) Early structural and ecological diversifi cation in the Bryozoa. In: House MR
(ed) The origin of major invertebrate groups. Systematics association special vol 12. Academic Press,
London/New York/San Francisco, pp 209–234
Leidy J (1851) On some American fresh-water Polyzoa. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phila 5:320–322
Lemche H (1963) The origin of the Bryozoa Phylactolaemata. Vid Med Dan Nat For København
125:171–193
Levin LA (2006) Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions. Integr
Comp Biol 46:282–297
Levin LF, Bridges TS (1995) Pattern and diversity in reproduction and development. In: McEdwards L (ed)
Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington, DC,
pp 1–48
Levinsen GMR (1907) Sur la régénération totale des Bryozoaires. Mem Acad R Sci Lett Danemark
4:151–159
Lidgard S, McKinney FK, Taylor PD (1993) Competition, clade replacement, and a history of cyclostome and
cheilostome bryozoan diversity. Paleobiology 19(3):352–371
Introduction
Helmkampf M, Bruchaus I, Hausdorf B (2008a) Phylogenomic analyses of lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans) confi rm the Lophotrochozoa concept. Proc R Soc B 275:1927–1933
Helmkampf M, Bruchaus I, Hausdorf B (2008b) Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath
phylogenetic relationships. Mol Phylogenet Evol 46:206–214
Hennig W (1979) Wirbellose I (ausgenommen Gliedertiere). Taschenbuch der Speziellen Zoologie, 4th edn.
Fischer Verlag, Jena
Hickman CS (1999) Larvae in invertebrate development and evolution. In: Hall BK, Wake MH (eds) The origin
and evolution of larval forms. Academic Press, San Diego/London/Boston/New York/Sydney/Tokyo/
Toronto, pp 21–59
Hu Z-X, Spjeldnaes N (1991) Early Ordovician bryozoans from China. In: Bigey FP (ed) Bryozoaires actuels
et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest Fr, Mem HS 1:179–185
Hyman LH (1959) The invertebrates: smaller coelomate groups, vol 5: VIII. McGraw-Hill, New York
Ivanov AV (1976) Relationship between Protostomia and Deuterostomia and a system of animal world. Zool
Zhurn 55(8):1125–1137 [in Russian]
Ivanova-Kazas ОМ (1977) Comparative embryology of invertebrate animals. Trochophorans, tentaculates,
gnathostomulids and pogonophorans. Nauka, Мoscow [in Russian]
Ivanova-Kazas ОМ (1986) Analysis of the larval development of Tentaculata. Zool Zhurn 65(5):757–770 [in
Russian]
Ivanova-Kazas ОМ (1995) Evolutionary embryology of animals. Nauka, St Petersburg [in Russian]
Jablonski D (1986) Larval ecology and macroevolution in marine invertebrates. Bull Mar Sci 39:565–587
Jablonski D (2005) Evolutionary innovations in the fossil record: the intersection of ecology, development, and
macroevolution. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 304B:504–519
Jablonski D, Lidgard S, Tayor PD (1997) Comparative ecology of bryozoan radiations: origin of novelties in
cyclstomes and cheilostomes. Palaios 12:505–523
Jablonski D, Lutz RA (1983) Larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates: paleobiological implications. Biol
Rev 58:21–89
Jägersten G (1972) Evolution of the metazoan life cycle. Academic Press, New York
Jang KH, Hwang UW (2009) Complete mitochondrial genome of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata,
Cheilostomata): phylogenetic position of Bryozoa and phylogeny of lophophorates within the
Lophotrochozoa. BMC Genomics 10:167
Jebram D (1973) The importance of different growth directions in the Phylactolaemata and Gymnolaemata for
reconstructing the phylogeny of the Bryozoa. In: Larwood GP (ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa: recent
advances in research. Academic Press, London, pp 565–576
Jebram D (1986) Arguments concerning the basal evolution of the Bryozoa. Z Zool Syst Evol 24:266–290
Jebram D (1992) The polyphyletic origin of the Cheilostomata (Bryozoa). Z Zool Syst Evol 30:46–52
Jeffery CH (1997) Dawn of echinoid nonplanctotrophy: coordinated shifts in development indicate environmental instability prior to the K-T boundary. Geology 25(11):991–994
Jenner RA, Littlewood DTJ (2008) Problematica old and new. Philos Trans R Soc B 363: 1503–1512
Kasyanov VL (1989) Reproductive strategies of marine bivalvian mollusks and echinoderms. Nauka, Leningrad
[in Russian]
Kluge GA (1975) Bryozoa of the northern seas of the USSR. Keys on the fauna of the USSR published by the
Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, vol 76. Amerind Publishing Co, New Delhi, pp
1–711
Kohring R, Pint A (2005) Fossile Süsswasserbryozoen – Vorkommen, Überlieferung, Fundbedingungen. In:
Woess E (ed) Moostiere (Bryozoa). Denisia 16, NS 28:95–102
Korschelt E, Heider K (1893) Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Entwicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere,
vol 1. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Jena, pp 1–308
Kraepelin K (1887) Die Deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen. Anatomish-systematischer Teil. Abh Geb Nat Ver
Hamburg 10:1–168
Landing E, English A, Keppie JD (2010) Cambrian origin of all skeletalized metazoan phyla – discovery of
Earth’s oldest bryozoans (Upper Cambrian, Southern Mexico). Geology 38:547–550
Larwood GP, Taylor PD (1979) Early structural and ecological diversifi cation in the Bryozoa. In: House MR
(ed) The origin of major invertebrate groups. Systematics association special vol 12. Academic Press,
London/New York/San Francisco, pp 209–234
Leidy J (1851) On some American fresh-water Polyzoa. Proc Acad Nat Sci Phila 5:320–322
Lemche H (1963) The origin of the Bryozoa Phylactolaemata. Vid Med Dan Nat For København
125:171–193
Levin LA (2006) Recent progress in understanding larval dispersal: new directions and digressions. Integr
Comp Biol 46:282–297
Levin LF, Bridges TS (1995) Pattern and diversity in reproduction and development. In: McEdwards L (ed)
Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York/Washington, DC,
pp 1–48
Levinsen GMR (1907) Sur la régénération totale des Bryozoaires. Mem Acad R Sci Lett Danemark
4:151–159
Lidgard S, McKinney FK, Taylor PD (1993) Competition, clade replacement, and a history of cyclostome and
cheilostome bryozoan diversity. Paleobiology 19(3):352–371
Introduction