xxv
Christiansen FB, Fenchel TM (1979) Evolution of marine invertebrate reproductive patterns. Theor Popul Biol
16:267–282
Clutton-Brock TH (1991) The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Cohen BL (2000) Monophyly of brachiopods and phoronids: reconciliation of molecular evidence with
Linnaean classifi cation (the subphylum Phoroniformea nov.). Proc R Soc B 267:225–231
Cohen BL, Gawthrop A (1996) Brachiopod molecular phylogeny. In: Copper P, Jin J (eds) Brachiopods. AA
Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam/Brookfi eld, pp 73–80
Cohen BL, Gawthrop A, Cavalier-Smith T (1998) Molecular phylogeny of brachiopods and phoronids based
on nuclear encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Philos Trans R Soc B 353:2039–2061
Cook PL (1979) Some problems in interpretation of heteromorphy and colony integration in Bryozoa. In:
Larwood GP, Rosen BR (eds) Biology and systematics of colonial organisms. Systematics association special, vol 11. Academic Press, London/New York, pp 193–210
Cori CJ (1941) Bryozoa. Ordnung der Tentaculata. Handb der Zool III 2(5):263–374, 375–502
Cuffey RJ (1973) An improved classifi cation, based upon numerical-taxonomic analyses, for the higher taxa of
entoproct and ectoproct bryozoans. In: Larwood GP (ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa: recent advances in
research. Academic Press, London, pp 549–564
Cuffey RJ, Blake DB (1991) Cladistic analysis of the phylum Bryozoa. In: Bigey FP (ed) Bryozoaires actuels
et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest Fr, Mem HS 1:97–108
d’Hondt J-L (1986) État de connaissances sur la position phylogénétique et l’evolution des bryozoaires. Ital J
Zool 53(3):247–270
d’Hondt J-L (1997) Les bryozoaires sont-ild des protostomiens ou des deuterostomiens? Bull Soc Zool Fr
122(3):261–268
Dewel RA, Winston JE, McKinney FK (2002) Deconstructing bryozoans: origin and consequences of a unique
body plan. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds) Bryozoan studies 2001. AA Balkema
Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/Exton/Tokyo, pp 93–99
Dogiel VA (1981) Invertebrate zoology. Vysschaya Schkola, Moscow [in Russian]
Drozdov AL, Ivankov VN (2000) Morphology of animal gametes. Krugliy God, Moscow [in Russian]
Dunaeva NN (1968) On the mode of sexual reproduction of some trepostomatous Bryozoa (preliminary report).
Att Soc Ital Sci Nat Mus Civ Stor Nat Milano 108:61–63
Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ, Pang K, Browne WE, Smith SA, Seaver E, Rouse GW, Obst M, Edgecombe
GD, Sørensen MV, Haddock SHD, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Okusu A, Kristensen RM, Wheeler WC, Martindale
MQ, Giribet G (2008) Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature
452:745–749
Dyrynda PEJ, Ryland JS (1982) Reproductive strategies and life histories in the cheilostome marine bryozoans
Chartella papyracea and Bugula fl abellata . Mar Biol 71:241–256
Eckelbarger KJ (1994) Diversity of metazoan ovaries and vitellogenic mechanisms: implications for life history
theory. Proc Biol Soc Wash 107(1):193–218
Edgecombe GD, Giribet G, Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Kristensen RM, Neves RC, Rouse GW, Worsaae K, Sørensen
MV (2011) Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions. Org Divers Evol
11:151–172
Eernisse DJ, Albert JS, Anderson FE (1992) Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: a phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology. Syst Biol 41(3):305–330
Ellis J (1753) Observations on a remarkable coralline, in a letter from Mr Hohn Ellis to the Rev. Thomas Birch,
D.D. Secret. R.S. Philos Trans R Soc 48(pt 1):115–117
Ellis J (1755) An essay towards a natural history of the corallines, and other marine productions of the like kind,
commonly found on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. A Millar, London
Emig CC (1982) Biology of Phoronida. In: Russell FS, Yonge CM (eds) Advances in marine biology, vol 14.
Academic Press, London, pp 1–89
Emig CC (1984) On the origin of Lophophorata. Z Zool Syst Evol 22:91–94
Erber A, Riemer D, Bovenschulte M, Weber K (1998) Molecular phylogeny of metazoan intermediate fi lament
proteins. J Mol Evol 47:751–762
Ernst A, Schäfer P (2006) Palaeozoic vs. post-Palaeozoic Stenolaemata: phylogenetic relationship or morphological convergence? Cour Forsch Senck 257:49–63
Farmer JD (1977) An adaptive model for the evolution of the ectoproct life cycle. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer
RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 487–517
Farmer JD, Valentine JW, Cowen R (1973) Adaptive strategies leading to the ectoproct ground-plan. Syst Zool
22, pp 233–239
Franzén Å (1956) On spermiogenesis, morphology of the spermatozoon, and biology of fertilization among
invertebrates. Zool Bidr Upps 31:355–481
Fuchs J (2011) New insights into the evolution of Bryozoa – an integrative approach. PhD dissertation,
University of Gothenburg
Fuchs J, Obst M, Sundberg P (2009) The fi rst comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 52: 225–233
Garstang W (1951) Larval forms and other zoological verses. Blackwell, Oxford
Gerwerzhagen A (1913) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Bryozoen. 1. Das Nervensystem von Cristatella mucedo
Cuv. Z Wiss Zool 107:309–345
Introduction
Christiansen FB, Fenchel TM (1979) Evolution of marine invertebrate reproductive patterns. Theor Popul Biol
16:267–282
Clutton-Brock TH (1991) The evolution of parental care. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Cohen BL (2000) Monophyly of brachiopods and phoronids: reconciliation of molecular evidence with
Linnaean classifi cation (the subphylum Phoroniformea nov.). Proc R Soc B 267:225–231
Cohen BL, Gawthrop A (1996) Brachiopod molecular phylogeny. In: Copper P, Jin J (eds) Brachiopods. AA
Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam/Brookfi eld, pp 73–80
Cohen BL, Gawthrop A, Cavalier-Smith T (1998) Molecular phylogeny of brachiopods and phoronids based
on nuclear encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Philos Trans R Soc B 353:2039–2061
Cook PL (1979) Some problems in interpretation of heteromorphy and colony integration in Bryozoa. In:
Larwood GP, Rosen BR (eds) Biology and systematics of colonial organisms. Systematics association special, vol 11. Academic Press, London/New York, pp 193–210
Cori CJ (1941) Bryozoa. Ordnung der Tentaculata. Handb der Zool III 2(5):263–374, 375–502
Cuffey RJ (1973) An improved classifi cation, based upon numerical-taxonomic analyses, for the higher taxa of
entoproct and ectoproct bryozoans. In: Larwood GP (ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa: recent advances in
research. Academic Press, London, pp 549–564
Cuffey RJ, Blake DB (1991) Cladistic analysis of the phylum Bryozoa. In: Bigey FP (ed) Bryozoaires actuels
et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest Fr, Mem HS 1:97–108
d’Hondt J-L (1986) État de connaissances sur la position phylogénétique et l’evolution des bryozoaires. Ital J
Zool 53(3):247–270
d’Hondt J-L (1997) Les bryozoaires sont-ild des protostomiens ou des deuterostomiens? Bull Soc Zool Fr
122(3):261–268
Dewel RA, Winston JE, McKinney FK (2002) Deconstructing bryozoans: origin and consequences of a unique
body plan. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds) Bryozoan studies 2001. AA Balkema
Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/Exton/Tokyo, pp 93–99
Dogiel VA (1981) Invertebrate zoology. Vysschaya Schkola, Moscow [in Russian]
Drozdov AL, Ivankov VN (2000) Morphology of animal gametes. Krugliy God, Moscow [in Russian]
Dunaeva NN (1968) On the mode of sexual reproduction of some trepostomatous Bryozoa (preliminary report).
Att Soc Ital Sci Nat Mus Civ Stor Nat Milano 108:61–63
Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Matus DQ, Pang K, Browne WE, Smith SA, Seaver E, Rouse GW, Obst M, Edgecombe
GD, Sørensen MV, Haddock SHD, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Okusu A, Kristensen RM, Wheeler WC, Martindale
MQ, Giribet G (2008) Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature
452:745–749
Dyrynda PEJ, Ryland JS (1982) Reproductive strategies and life histories in the cheilostome marine bryozoans
Chartella papyracea and Bugula fl abellata . Mar Biol 71:241–256
Eckelbarger KJ (1994) Diversity of metazoan ovaries and vitellogenic mechanisms: implications for life history
theory. Proc Biol Soc Wash 107(1):193–218
Edgecombe GD, Giribet G, Dunn CW, Hejnol A, Kristensen RM, Neves RC, Rouse GW, Worsaae K, Sørensen
MV (2011) Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions. Org Divers Evol
11:151–172
Eernisse DJ, Albert JS, Anderson FE (1992) Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: a phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology. Syst Biol 41(3):305–330
Ellis J (1753) Observations on a remarkable coralline, in a letter from Mr Hohn Ellis to the Rev. Thomas Birch,
D.D. Secret. R.S. Philos Trans R Soc 48(pt 1):115–117
Ellis J (1755) An essay towards a natural history of the corallines, and other marine productions of the like kind,
commonly found on the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. A Millar, London
Emig CC (1982) Biology of Phoronida. In: Russell FS, Yonge CM (eds) Advances in marine biology, vol 14.
Academic Press, London, pp 1–89
Emig CC (1984) On the origin of Lophophorata. Z Zool Syst Evol 22:91–94
Erber A, Riemer D, Bovenschulte M, Weber K (1998) Molecular phylogeny of metazoan intermediate fi lament
proteins. J Mol Evol 47:751–762
Ernst A, Schäfer P (2006) Palaeozoic vs. post-Palaeozoic Stenolaemata: phylogenetic relationship or morphological convergence? Cour Forsch Senck 257:49–63
Farmer JD (1977) An adaptive model for the evolution of the ectoproct life cycle. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer
RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 487–517
Farmer JD, Valentine JW, Cowen R (1973) Adaptive strategies leading to the ectoproct ground-plan. Syst Zool
22, pp 233–239
Franzén Å (1956) On spermiogenesis, morphology of the spermatozoon, and biology of fertilization among
invertebrates. Zool Bidr Upps 31:355–481
Fuchs J (2011) New insights into the evolution of Bryozoa – an integrative approach. PhD dissertation,
University of Gothenburg
Fuchs J, Obst M, Sundberg P (2009) The fi rst comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 52: 225–233
Garstang W (1951) Larval forms and other zoological verses. Blackwell, Oxford
Gerwerzhagen A (1913) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Bryozoen. 1. Das Nervensystem von Cristatella mucedo
Cuv. Z Wiss Zool 107:309–345
Introduction