xxiv
Astrova GG (1978) History of development, system, and phylogeny of bryozoans: order Trepostomata. Proc
Paleontol Inst Acad Sci USSR 169:1–240 [in Russian]
Ax P (1995) Das System der Metazoa I. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart
Baguñá J, Martinez P, Paps J, Riutort M (2008) Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria. Philos
Trans R Soc B 363:1481–1491
Bancroft AJ (1986) Ovicells in Palaeozoic bryozoan order Fenestrata. Palaeontology 29(1):155–164
Bancroft AJ (1988) Ovicells in Rectifenestella from the Lower Carboniferous of Ireland. Irish J Earth Sci
9:19–22
Banta WC (1975) Origin and early evolution of cheilostome Bryozoa. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab
Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS 3(2):565–582
Barnes DKA, Brockington S (2003) Zoobenthic biodiversity, biomass and abundance at Adelaide Island,
Antarctica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 249:145–155
Barnes RSK, Calow P, Olive PJW, Golding DW, Spicer JI (2001) The invertebrates: a synthesis. WileyBlackwell, Malden
Bassler RS (1953) Bryozoa. In: Moore RC (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part G. The University
of Kansas Press for the Geological Society of America, Lawrence, pp 1–253
Batygina TB, Bragina EA, Ereskovsky AV, Ostrovsky AN (2006) Viviparity in plants and animals: invertebrates and lower chordates. Unipress, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg [in Russian with English
summary]
Beklemishev VN (1969) Principles of comparative anatomy of invertebrates. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago
Bleidorn C, Podsiadlowski L, Zhong M, Eeckhaut I, Hartmann S, Halanych KM, Tiedemann R (2009) On the
phylogenetic position of Myzostomida: can 77 genes get it wrong? BMC Evol Biol 9:150
Boardman RS, Cheetham AH, Blake DB, Utgaard J, Karklins OL, Cook PL, Sandberg PA, Lutaud G, Wood TS
(1983) Bryozoa (Part G, revised). In: Robinson RA (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, vol 1.
Geological Society of America/University of Kansas, Lawrence/Boulder, pp 1–625
Borg F (1926) Studies on recent cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Zool Bid Upps 10:181–507
Bourlat SJ, Nielsen C, Economou AD, Telford MJ (2008) Testing the new animal phylogeny: a phylum level
molecular analysis of the animal kingdom. Mol Phylogenet Evol 49:23–31
Brien P (1960) Classe des Bryozoaires. In: Grassé P-P (ed) Traité de zoologie. Masson 5(2):1053–1379
Brood K (1972) Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the Upper Cretaceous and Danian in Scandinavia. Stockh
Contrib Geol 26:1–464
Brusca RC, Brusca GJ (2003) Invertebrates, 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
Buge E (1952) Classe des Bryozoaires. In: Piveteau J (ed) Traité de paléontologie, vol 1. Masson, Paris,
pp 688–749
Buttler CJ (1991) Possible brooding structures in rhinoporid cystoporate bryozoans. In: Bigey FP (ed)
Bryozoaires actuels et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest Fr, Mem HS 1:61–70
Byrne M (1995) Changes in larval morphology in the evolution of benthic development by Patiriella exigua
(Asteroidea: Asterinidae), a comparison with the larvae of Patiriella species with planktonic development.
Biol Bull 188:293–305
Byrne M (2006) Life history diversity and evolution in the Asterinidae. Integr Comp Biol 46(3):243–254
Byrne M, Barker MF (1991) Embryogenesis and larval development of the asteroid Patriella regularis viewed
by the light and scanning electron microscopy. Biol Bull 180:332–345
Byrne M, Cerra A (1996) Evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars Patiriella
vivipara and P . parvivipara with an overview of development in the Asterinidae. Biol Bull 191:17–26
Caldwell WH (1882) Preliminary note on the structure, development and affi nities of Phoronis . Proc R Soc B
34:371–383
Carle KJ, Ruppert EE (1983) Comparative ultrastructure of the bryozoan funiculus: a blood vessel homologue.
Z Zool Syst Evol 21:181–113
Cavalier-Smith T (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol Rev 73:203–266
Cavalier-Smith T (2002) The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classifi cation of Protozoa. Int
J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:297–354
Cheetham AH (1954) A new early Cretaceous cheilostome bryozoan from Texas. J Paleontol 28(2):177–184
Cheetham AH (1975) Taxonomic signifi cance of autozooid size and shape in some early multiserial cheilostomes from the Gulf coast of the U.S.A. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS
3(2):547–564
Cheetham AH, Cook PL (1983) General features of the class Gymnolaemata. In: Robinson RA (ed) Treatise on
invertebrate paleontology, vol 1. Geological Society of America/University of Kansas, Lawrence/Boulder,
pp 138–207
Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Sanner J (2001) Evolutionary signifi cance of sexual and asexual modes of propagation in Neogene species of the bryozoan Metrarabdotos in tropical America. J Paleontol 75(3):564–577
Cheetham AH, Sanner J, Taylor PD, Ostrovsky АN (2006) Morphological differentiation of avicularia and the
proliferation of species in mid-Cretaceous Wilbertopora Cheetham 1954 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). J
Paleontol 80(1):49–71
Chia FS (1974) Classifi cation and adaptive signifi cance of developmental patterns in marine invertebrates. Thal
Jugoslav 10(½):121–130
Introduction
Astrova GG (1978) History of development, system, and phylogeny of bryozoans: order Trepostomata. Proc
Paleontol Inst Acad Sci USSR 169:1–240 [in Russian]
Ax P (1995) Das System der Metazoa I. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart
Baguñá J, Martinez P, Paps J, Riutort M (2008) Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria. Philos
Trans R Soc B 363:1481–1491
Bancroft AJ (1986) Ovicells in Palaeozoic bryozoan order Fenestrata. Palaeontology 29(1):155–164
Bancroft AJ (1988) Ovicells in Rectifenestella from the Lower Carboniferous of Ireland. Irish J Earth Sci
9:19–22
Banta WC (1975) Origin and early evolution of cheilostome Bryozoa. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab
Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS 3(2):565–582
Barnes DKA, Brockington S (2003) Zoobenthic biodiversity, biomass and abundance at Adelaide Island,
Antarctica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 249:145–155
Barnes RSK, Calow P, Olive PJW, Golding DW, Spicer JI (2001) The invertebrates: a synthesis. WileyBlackwell, Malden
Bassler RS (1953) Bryozoa. In: Moore RC (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part G. The University
of Kansas Press for the Geological Society of America, Lawrence, pp 1–253
Batygina TB, Bragina EA, Ereskovsky AV, Ostrovsky AN (2006) Viviparity in plants and animals: invertebrates and lower chordates. Unipress, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg [in Russian with English
summary]
Beklemishev VN (1969) Principles of comparative anatomy of invertebrates. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago
Bleidorn C, Podsiadlowski L, Zhong M, Eeckhaut I, Hartmann S, Halanych KM, Tiedemann R (2009) On the
phylogenetic position of Myzostomida: can 77 genes get it wrong? BMC Evol Biol 9:150
Boardman RS, Cheetham AH, Blake DB, Utgaard J, Karklins OL, Cook PL, Sandberg PA, Lutaud G, Wood TS
(1983) Bryozoa (Part G, revised). In: Robinson RA (ed) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, vol 1.
Geological Society of America/University of Kansas, Lawrence/Boulder, pp 1–625
Borg F (1926) Studies on recent cyclostomatous Bryozoa. Zool Bid Upps 10:181–507
Bourlat SJ, Nielsen C, Economou AD, Telford MJ (2008) Testing the new animal phylogeny: a phylum level
molecular analysis of the animal kingdom. Mol Phylogenet Evol 49:23–31
Brien P (1960) Classe des Bryozoaires. In: Grassé P-P (ed) Traité de zoologie. Masson 5(2):1053–1379
Brood K (1972) Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the Upper Cretaceous and Danian in Scandinavia. Stockh
Contrib Geol 26:1–464
Brusca RC, Brusca GJ (2003) Invertebrates, 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
Buge E (1952) Classe des Bryozoaires. In: Piveteau J (ed) Traité de paléontologie, vol 1. Masson, Paris,
pp 688–749
Buttler CJ (1991) Possible brooding structures in rhinoporid cystoporate bryozoans. In: Bigey FP (ed)
Bryozoaires actuels et fossiels: Bryozoa living and fossil. Bull Soc Sci Nat Ouest Fr, Mem HS 1:61–70
Byrne M (1995) Changes in larval morphology in the evolution of benthic development by Patiriella exigua
(Asteroidea: Asterinidae), a comparison with the larvae of Patiriella species with planktonic development.
Biol Bull 188:293–305
Byrne M (2006) Life history diversity and evolution in the Asterinidae. Integr Comp Biol 46(3):243–254
Byrne M, Barker MF (1991) Embryogenesis and larval development of the asteroid Patriella regularis viewed
by the light and scanning electron microscopy. Biol Bull 180:332–345
Byrne M, Cerra A (1996) Evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars Patiriella
vivipara and P . parvivipara with an overview of development in the Asterinidae. Biol Bull 191:17–26
Caldwell WH (1882) Preliminary note on the structure, development and affi nities of Phoronis . Proc R Soc B
34:371–383
Carle KJ, Ruppert EE (1983) Comparative ultrastructure of the bryozoan funiculus: a blood vessel homologue.
Z Zool Syst Evol 21:181–113
Cavalier-Smith T (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol Rev 73:203–266
Cavalier-Smith T (2002) The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classifi cation of Protozoa. Int
J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:297–354
Cheetham AH (1954) A new early Cretaceous cheilostome bryozoan from Texas. J Paleontol 28(2):177–184
Cheetham AH (1975) Taxonomic signifi cance of autozooid size and shape in some early multiserial cheilostomes from the Gulf coast of the U.S.A. In: Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon, HS
3(2):547–564
Cheetham AH, Cook PL (1983) General features of the class Gymnolaemata. In: Robinson RA (ed) Treatise on
invertebrate paleontology, vol 1. Geological Society of America/University of Kansas, Lawrence/Boulder,
pp 138–207
Cheetham AH, Jackson JBC, Sanner J (2001) Evolutionary signifi cance of sexual and asexual modes of propagation in Neogene species of the bryozoan Metrarabdotos in tropical America. J Paleontol 75(3):564–577
Cheetham AH, Sanner J, Taylor PD, Ostrovsky АN (2006) Morphological differentiation of avicularia and the
proliferation of species in mid-Cretaceous Wilbertopora Cheetham 1954 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). J
Paleontol 80(1):49–71
Chia FS (1974) Classifi cation and adaptive signifi cance of developmental patterns in marine invertebrates. Thal
Jugoslav 10(½):121–130
Introduction