molecular evolution: Rate of spontaneous gene
duplication at two loci of Drosophila melanogaster. J.
mol. Evol. 23: 159-167 (1986)
373. Sharp P. M. and Li W. H.: On the rate of DNA
sequence evolution in Drosophila. J. mol. Evol. 28:
398-402 (1989)
374. Sheppard H. W. and Gutman G. A.: Allelic forms of
rat kappa chain genes. Evidence for strong selection
at the level of nucleotide sequence. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 78: 7064-68 (1981)
375. Sheppard W. S. and Heydon S. L.: High levels of genetic variability in 3 male-haploid species (Hymenoptera, Argidae, Tenthredinidae). Evolution 40:
1350-53 (1986)
376. Shields D. C. et al.: "Silent" sites in Drosophila genes
are not neutral. Evidence of selection among synonymous codons. Mol. BioI. Evol. 5: 704-716 (1988)
377. Sillince J. A. A. and Sillince M.: Molecular databases
for protein sequences and structure studies. An Introduction. Springer, Berlin 1991
378. Simmons G. M. et al.: Molecular analysis of the alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase along a cline in Drosophila melanogaster. 1. Maine, North Carolina, and
Florida. Evolution 43: 393-409 (1989)
379. Singh R. S.: Population genetics and evolution of
species related to Drosophila melanogaster. Annual
Rev. Genet. 23:425-453 (1989)
380. Skibinski D. O. E, Ahmad M. and Beardmore J. A.:
Genetic evidence for naturally occurring hybrids
between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis.
Evolution 32: 354-364 (1978)
381. Skibinski D. O. E and Ward R. D.: Correlation
between heterozygosity and evolutionary rate of proteins. Nature 298: 490-492 (1982)
382. Slightom J. L., BlechlA. E. and Smithies 0.: Human
fetal Gy- and Ay-globin genes: Complete nucleotide
sequences suggest that DNA can be exchanged
between these duplicated genes. Cell 21: 627-638
(1980)
383. Slightom J. L. et al.: Chimpanzee fetal Gy- and Ayglobin gene nucleotide sequences provide further
evidence of gene conversions in hominoid evolution.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 370-389 (1985)
384. Smith M. J. et al.: Single copy DNA homology in sea
stars. J. mol. Evol. 18: 92-101 (1982)
385. Sneath P. H. A. and Sokal R. R.: Numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco 1973
386. de Soete G.: On the construction of "optimal" phylogenetic trees. Z. Naturforsch. Sect. C 38: 156-158
(1983)
387. Sofer W. and Martin P. E: Analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression in Drosophila. Annual Rev.
Genet. 21: 203-225 (1987)
388. Sogin M. L. et al.: Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: An unusual ribosome from Giardia
lamblia. Schience 243: 75-77 (1989)
389. Somero G. N. and Soule M.: Genetic variation in
marine fishes as a test of the niche-variation hypothesis. Nature 249: 670-672 (1974)
390. Sourdis J. and Nei M.: Relative efficiencies of the
maximum parsimony and distance-matrix methods in
obtaining the correct phylogenetic tree. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 5: 298-311 (1988)
391. Spicer G. S.: Molecular evolution among some Drosophila species groups as indicated by twodimensional electrophoresis. J. mol. Evol. 27:
250-260 (1988)
References
181
392. Spolsky C. and Uzzell T.: Evolutionary history of the
hybridogenetic hybrid frog Rana esculenta as
deduced from mtDNA analyses. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3:
44-56 (1986)
393. Steiner W. W. M. et al.: Electrophoretic comparison
of aphid species: detecting differences based on taxonomic status and host plant. Compo Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 81: 295-299 (1985)
394. Stephens J. C.: Statistical methods of DNA sequence
analysis. Detection of intragenic recombination or
gene conversion. Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 539-556 (1985)
395. Stephens J. C. and Nei M.: Phylogenetic analysis of
polymorphic DNA sequences at the Adh locus in
Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species. J.
mol. Evol. 22: 289-300 (1985)
396. Stoddart J. A.: The accumulation of genetic variation
in a parthenogenetic snail. Evolution 37: 546-554
(1983)
397. Stoppa-Lyonett D. et al.: Clusters of intragenic Alu
repeats predispose the human Cl inhibitor locus to
deleterious rearrangements. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA 87: 1551-55 (1990)
398. Subbiah S. and Harrison S. C.: Method for multiple
sequence alignment with gaps. J. mol. BioI. 209:
539-548 (1989)
399. Surrey S. et al.: Functional analysis of a ~-globin gene
containing a TATA box mutation from a Kurdish jew
with ~-thalassemia. J. bioI. Chern. 260: 6507-10
(1985)
400. Syvanen M.: The evolutionary implications of mobile
genetic elements. Annual Rev. Genet. 18: 271-293
(1984)
401. Tabachnik W. J. and Powell J. R.: A world-wide
survey of genetic variation in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Genetic Res. 34: 215-229
(1979)
402. Tajima E and Nei M.: Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 1: 269-285 (1984)
403. Takahata N. and Nei M.: Gene genealogy and variance of interpopulational differences. Genetics 110:
325-344 (1985)
404. Takahata N.: On the overdispersed molecular clock.
Genetics 116: 169-179 (1987)
405. Tateno Y.: A method for molecular phylogeny construction by direct use of nucleotide sequence data. J.
mol. Evol. 30: 85-93 (1990)
406. Taylor W. R.: A flexible method to align large numbers of biological sequences. J. mol. Evol. 28:
161-169 (1989)
407. Taylor W. R. and Orengo C. A.: Protein structure
alignment. J. mol. BioI. 208: 1-22 (1989)
408. Tegelstrom H., Nilsson G. and Wyoni P. I.: Lack of
species differences in isoelectric focused proteins in
the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
Hereditas 98: 161-165 (1983)
409. Tegelstrom H.: Genetic variability in mitochondrial
DNA in a regional population of the great tit (Parus
major). Biochem. Genetics 25: 95-110 (1987)
410. Thomas W. K. and Beckenbach A. T.: Mitochondrial
DNA restriction site variation in the Townsend's vole,
Microtus townsendii. Can. J. Zool. 64: 2750-56
(1986)
411. Ticher A. and Graur D.: Nucleic acid composition,
codon usage, and the rate of synonymous substitu-
duplication at two loci of Drosophila melanogaster. J.
mol. Evol. 23: 159-167 (1986)
373. Sharp P. M. and Li W. H.: On the rate of DNA
sequence evolution in Drosophila. J. mol. Evol. 28:
398-402 (1989)
374. Sheppard H. W. and Gutman G. A.: Allelic forms of
rat kappa chain genes. Evidence for strong selection
at the level of nucleotide sequence. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 78: 7064-68 (1981)
375. Sheppard W. S. and Heydon S. L.: High levels of genetic variability in 3 male-haploid species (Hymenoptera, Argidae, Tenthredinidae). Evolution 40:
1350-53 (1986)
376. Shields D. C. et al.: "Silent" sites in Drosophila genes
are not neutral. Evidence of selection among synonymous codons. Mol. BioI. Evol. 5: 704-716 (1988)
377. Sillince J. A. A. and Sillince M.: Molecular databases
for protein sequences and structure studies. An Introduction. Springer, Berlin 1991
378. Simmons G. M. et al.: Molecular analysis of the alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase along a cline in Drosophila melanogaster. 1. Maine, North Carolina, and
Florida. Evolution 43: 393-409 (1989)
379. Singh R. S.: Population genetics and evolution of
species related to Drosophila melanogaster. Annual
Rev. Genet. 23:425-453 (1989)
380. Skibinski D. O. E, Ahmad M. and Beardmore J. A.:
Genetic evidence for naturally occurring hybrids
between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis.
Evolution 32: 354-364 (1978)
381. Skibinski D. O. E and Ward R. D.: Correlation
between heterozygosity and evolutionary rate of proteins. Nature 298: 490-492 (1982)
382. Slightom J. L., BlechlA. E. and Smithies 0.: Human
fetal Gy- and Ay-globin genes: Complete nucleotide
sequences suggest that DNA can be exchanged
between these duplicated genes. Cell 21: 627-638
(1980)
383. Slightom J. L. et al.: Chimpanzee fetal Gy- and Ayglobin gene nucleotide sequences provide further
evidence of gene conversions in hominoid evolution.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 370-389 (1985)
384. Smith M. J. et al.: Single copy DNA homology in sea
stars. J. mol. Evol. 18: 92-101 (1982)
385. Sneath P. H. A. and Sokal R. R.: Numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco 1973
386. de Soete G.: On the construction of "optimal" phylogenetic trees. Z. Naturforsch. Sect. C 38: 156-158
(1983)
387. Sofer W. and Martin P. E: Analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression in Drosophila. Annual Rev.
Genet. 21: 203-225 (1987)
388. Sogin M. L. et al.: Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: An unusual ribosome from Giardia
lamblia. Schience 243: 75-77 (1989)
389. Somero G. N. and Soule M.: Genetic variation in
marine fishes as a test of the niche-variation hypothesis. Nature 249: 670-672 (1974)
390. Sourdis J. and Nei M.: Relative efficiencies of the
maximum parsimony and distance-matrix methods in
obtaining the correct phylogenetic tree. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 5: 298-311 (1988)
391. Spicer G. S.: Molecular evolution among some Drosophila species groups as indicated by twodimensional electrophoresis. J. mol. Evol. 27:
250-260 (1988)
References
181
392. Spolsky C. and Uzzell T.: Evolutionary history of the
hybridogenetic hybrid frog Rana esculenta as
deduced from mtDNA analyses. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3:
44-56 (1986)
393. Steiner W. W. M. et al.: Electrophoretic comparison
of aphid species: detecting differences based on taxonomic status and host plant. Compo Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 81: 295-299 (1985)
394. Stephens J. C.: Statistical methods of DNA sequence
analysis. Detection of intragenic recombination or
gene conversion. Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 539-556 (1985)
395. Stephens J. C. and Nei M.: Phylogenetic analysis of
polymorphic DNA sequences at the Adh locus in
Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species. J.
mol. Evol. 22: 289-300 (1985)
396. Stoddart J. A.: The accumulation of genetic variation
in a parthenogenetic snail. Evolution 37: 546-554
(1983)
397. Stoppa-Lyonett D. et al.: Clusters of intragenic Alu
repeats predispose the human Cl inhibitor locus to
deleterious rearrangements. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA 87: 1551-55 (1990)
398. Subbiah S. and Harrison S. C.: Method for multiple
sequence alignment with gaps. J. mol. BioI. 209:
539-548 (1989)
399. Surrey S. et al.: Functional analysis of a ~-globin gene
containing a TATA box mutation from a Kurdish jew
with ~-thalassemia. J. bioI. Chern. 260: 6507-10
(1985)
400. Syvanen M.: The evolutionary implications of mobile
genetic elements. Annual Rev. Genet. 18: 271-293
(1984)
401. Tabachnik W. J. and Powell J. R.: A world-wide
survey of genetic variation in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Genetic Res. 34: 215-229
(1979)
402. Tajima E and Nei M.: Estimation of evolutionary distance between nucleotide sequences. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 1: 269-285 (1984)
403. Takahata N. and Nei M.: Gene genealogy and variance of interpopulational differences. Genetics 110:
325-344 (1985)
404. Takahata N.: On the overdispersed molecular clock.
Genetics 116: 169-179 (1987)
405. Tateno Y.: A method for molecular phylogeny construction by direct use of nucleotide sequence data. J.
mol. Evol. 30: 85-93 (1990)
406. Taylor W. R.: A flexible method to align large numbers of biological sequences. J. mol. Evol. 28:
161-169 (1989)
407. Taylor W. R. and Orengo C. A.: Protein structure
alignment. J. mol. BioI. 208: 1-22 (1989)
408. Tegelstrom H., Nilsson G. and Wyoni P. I.: Lack of
species differences in isoelectric focused proteins in
the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
Hereditas 98: 161-165 (1983)
409. Tegelstrom H.: Genetic variability in mitochondrial
DNA in a regional population of the great tit (Parus
major). Biochem. Genetics 25: 95-110 (1987)
410. Thomas W. K. and Beckenbach A. T.: Mitochondrial
DNA restriction site variation in the Townsend's vole,
Microtus townsendii. Can. J. Zool. 64: 2750-56
(1986)
411. Ticher A. and Graur D.: Nucleic acid composition,
codon usage, and the rate of synonymous substitu-