182
4 Molecular Evolution
tions in protein-coding genes. J. mol. Evol. 28:
286-298 (1989)
412. Toha J., Soto M. A. and Chinga H.: Algorithm for
construction of phylogenetic trees. Z. Naturforsch.
Sect. C 44: 312-316 (1989)
413. Tomiuk J. and Wohrmann K.: Enzyme variability in
populations of aphids. Theor. appl. Genetics 57:
125-127 (1980)
414. Tsoi S. C. M., Lee S. C. and Chao W. C.: Duplicate
gene expression and diploidization in an Asian tetraploid catostomid, Myxocyprinus asiaticus (Cypriniformes, Catostomodae). Compo Biochem. Physiol.
Pt. B 93: 27-32 (1989)
415. Turner B. J.: Genetic divergence of Death Valley
pupfish species: biochemical versus morphological
evidence. Evolution 28: 281-294 (1974)
416. Turner B. J. et al.: Genetic variation in clonal vertebrates detected by simple-sequence DNA fingerprinting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5653-57 (1990)
417. Ueda S. et al.: Nucleotide sequences of
immunoglobulin-epsilon pseudogenes in man and
apes and their phylogenetic relationships. J. mol.
BioI. 205: 85-90 (1989)
418. Uitterlinden A. G. et al.: Two-dimensional DNA fingerprinting of human individuals. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 86: 2742-46 (1989)
419. Ullrich A. et al.: Genetic variation in the human insulin gene. Science 209: 612-615 (1980)
420. Usha R. and Murthy M. R. N.: Protein structural
homology: a metric approach. Int. J. Peptide Protein
Res. 28: 364-369 (1986)
421. Vanherck M. et al.: The 18S ribosomal RNA
sequence of the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata and
its evolutionary position among other eukaryotes.
FEBS Letters 269: 445-449 (1990)
422. Vawter L. and Brown W. M.: Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation
in the molecular clock. Science 234: 194-196 (1986)
423. Vossbrinck C. R. et al.: Ribosomal RNA sequence
suggests Microsporidia are extremely ancient eukaryotes. Nature 326: 411-414 (1987)
424. Wagner H. J.: The minimum number of mutations in
an evolutionary network. J. theor. BioI. 91: 621-636
(1981)
425. Wake D. B., Maxson L. R. and Wurst G. Z.: Genetic
differentiation, albumin evolution and their biogeographic implications in plethodontid salamanders in
California and southern Europe. Evolution 32:
529-539 (1978)
426. Walsh J. B.: Interaction of selection and biased gene
conversion in a mutigene family. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 82: 153-157 (1985)
427. Ward R. D.: Relationship between enzyme heterozygosity and quaternary structure. Biochem. Genetics
15: 123-135 (1977)
428. Ward R. D., McAndrew B. J. and Wallis G. P.:
Enzyme variation in the brook lamprey, Lampetra
planeri (Bloch), a member of the vertebrate group
Agnatha. Genetica 55: 67-73 (1981)
429. Watanabe T. et al.: Pig mitochondrial DNA: Polymorphism, restriction map orientation, and sequence
data. Biochem Genetics 24: 385-396 (1986)
430. Watterson G. A.: On the time for gene silencing at
duplicate loci. Genetics 105: 745-766 (1983)
431. Westbroeck P. et al.: Fossil macromolecules from
cephalopod shells: characterization, immunochemical response and diagenesis. Palaeobiology 5:
151-167 (1979)
432. Whitmore D. H.: Identification of sunfish species by
muscle protein isoelectric focusing. Compo Biochem.
Physiol. Pt. B 84: 177-180 (1986)
433. Whitney III J. B. et al.: Detection of neutral amino
acid substitutions in proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA 82: 7646-50 (1985)
434. Whittam T. S. et al.: Allelic variation in human mitochondrial genes based on patterns of restriction site
polymorphism. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:
9611-15 (1986)
435. Wilbur W. J.: On the PAM matrix model of protein
evolution. Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 434-447 (1985)
436. Wilcox D. R. and Prakash S.: Variation in biochemical properties of allozymes of xanthine dehydrogenase in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 96:
927-938 (1980)
437. Williams J.: The evolution of transferrin. Trends biochern. Sci. 82: 394-397 (1982)
438. Williams S. A. and Goodman M.: A statistical test
that supports a human/chimpanzee clade based on
noncoding DNA sequence data. Mol. BioI. Evol. 6:
325-330 (1989)
439. Wills C.: Genetic variability. Clarendon Press,
Oxford 1981
440. Wilson A. C., Carlson S. S. and White T. J.: Biochemical evolution. Annual Rev. Biochem. 46:
573-639 (1977)
441. WinbergJ. 0., ThatcherD. R. and McKinley-McKee
J. S.: Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase: An electrophoretic study of the Adh-S, Adh-F,
and Adh-UF alloenzymes. Biochem. Genetics 21:
63-80 (1983)
442. Winberg J. o. and McKinley-McKee J. S.: Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemical properties of the NAD+-plus-acetone-induced
isoenzyme conversion. Biochem. J. 251: 223-227
(1988)
443. Winter W. P. (ed.): Hemoglobin variants in human
populations. CRC Press, Boca Raton USA 1986
444. Wolfe K. H., Sharp P. M. and Li W. H.: Mutation
rates differ among regions of the mammalian
genome. Nature 337: 283-285 (1989)
445. Wooley K. J. and Athalye M.: A use for principal
coordinate analysis in the comparison of protein
sequences. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 140:
808-813 (1986)
446. Wooten M. C. and Smith M. H.: Large mammals are
genetically less variable. Evolution 39: 210-212
(1985)
447. Wu C. I. and Li W. H.: Evidence for higher rates of
nucleotide substitution in rodents than in man. Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1741-45 (1985)
448. Wyatt R., Odrzykoski I. J. and Stoneburner A.: High
levels of genetic variability in the haploid moss Plagiomnium ciliare. Evolution 43: 1086-96 (1989)
449. Wysocki L. J. and Gefter M. L.: Gene conversion
and the generation of antibody diversity. Annual Rev.
Biochem. 58: 509-531 (1989)
450. Yafee D. et al.: Highly conserved sequences in the 3'
untranslated region of mRNAs coding for homologous proteins in distantly related species. Nucleic
Acids Res. 13: 3723-37 (1985)
451. Yager L. N., Kaumeyer J. F. and Weinberg E. S.:
Evolving sea urchin histone genes - Nucleotide polymorphisms in the H4 gene and spacers of Strongylo-
4 Molecular Evolution
tions in protein-coding genes. J. mol. Evol. 28:
286-298 (1989)
412. Toha J., Soto M. A. and Chinga H.: Algorithm for
construction of phylogenetic trees. Z. Naturforsch.
Sect. C 44: 312-316 (1989)
413. Tomiuk J. and Wohrmann K.: Enzyme variability in
populations of aphids. Theor. appl. Genetics 57:
125-127 (1980)
414. Tsoi S. C. M., Lee S. C. and Chao W. C.: Duplicate
gene expression and diploidization in an Asian tetraploid catostomid, Myxocyprinus asiaticus (Cypriniformes, Catostomodae). Compo Biochem. Physiol.
Pt. B 93: 27-32 (1989)
415. Turner B. J.: Genetic divergence of Death Valley
pupfish species: biochemical versus morphological
evidence. Evolution 28: 281-294 (1974)
416. Turner B. J. et al.: Genetic variation in clonal vertebrates detected by simple-sequence DNA fingerprinting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5653-57 (1990)
417. Ueda S. et al.: Nucleotide sequences of
immunoglobulin-epsilon pseudogenes in man and
apes and their phylogenetic relationships. J. mol.
BioI. 205: 85-90 (1989)
418. Uitterlinden A. G. et al.: Two-dimensional DNA fingerprinting of human individuals. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 86: 2742-46 (1989)
419. Ullrich A. et al.: Genetic variation in the human insulin gene. Science 209: 612-615 (1980)
420. Usha R. and Murthy M. R. N.: Protein structural
homology: a metric approach. Int. J. Peptide Protein
Res. 28: 364-369 (1986)
421. Vanherck M. et al.: The 18S ribosomal RNA
sequence of the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata and
its evolutionary position among other eukaryotes.
FEBS Letters 269: 445-449 (1990)
422. Vawter L. and Brown W. M.: Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA comparisons reveal extreme rate variation
in the molecular clock. Science 234: 194-196 (1986)
423. Vossbrinck C. R. et al.: Ribosomal RNA sequence
suggests Microsporidia are extremely ancient eukaryotes. Nature 326: 411-414 (1987)
424. Wagner H. J.: The minimum number of mutations in
an evolutionary network. J. theor. BioI. 91: 621-636
(1981)
425. Wake D. B., Maxson L. R. and Wurst G. Z.: Genetic
differentiation, albumin evolution and their biogeographic implications in plethodontid salamanders in
California and southern Europe. Evolution 32:
529-539 (1978)
426. Walsh J. B.: Interaction of selection and biased gene
conversion in a mutigene family. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 82: 153-157 (1985)
427. Ward R. D.: Relationship between enzyme heterozygosity and quaternary structure. Biochem. Genetics
15: 123-135 (1977)
428. Ward R. D., McAndrew B. J. and Wallis G. P.:
Enzyme variation in the brook lamprey, Lampetra
planeri (Bloch), a member of the vertebrate group
Agnatha. Genetica 55: 67-73 (1981)
429. Watanabe T. et al.: Pig mitochondrial DNA: Polymorphism, restriction map orientation, and sequence
data. Biochem Genetics 24: 385-396 (1986)
430. Watterson G. A.: On the time for gene silencing at
duplicate loci. Genetics 105: 745-766 (1983)
431. Westbroeck P. et al.: Fossil macromolecules from
cephalopod shells: characterization, immunochemical response and diagenesis. Palaeobiology 5:
151-167 (1979)
432. Whitmore D. H.: Identification of sunfish species by
muscle protein isoelectric focusing. Compo Biochem.
Physiol. Pt. B 84: 177-180 (1986)
433. Whitney III J. B. et al.: Detection of neutral amino
acid substitutions in proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA 82: 7646-50 (1985)
434. Whittam T. S. et al.: Allelic variation in human mitochondrial genes based on patterns of restriction site
polymorphism. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:
9611-15 (1986)
435. Wilbur W. J.: On the PAM matrix model of protein
evolution. Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 434-447 (1985)
436. Wilcox D. R. and Prakash S.: Variation in biochemical properties of allozymes of xanthine dehydrogenase in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Genetics 96:
927-938 (1980)
437. Williams J.: The evolution of transferrin. Trends biochern. Sci. 82: 394-397 (1982)
438. Williams S. A. and Goodman M.: A statistical test
that supports a human/chimpanzee clade based on
noncoding DNA sequence data. Mol. BioI. Evol. 6:
325-330 (1989)
439. Wills C.: Genetic variability. Clarendon Press,
Oxford 1981
440. Wilson A. C., Carlson S. S. and White T. J.: Biochemical evolution. Annual Rev. Biochem. 46:
573-639 (1977)
441. WinbergJ. 0., ThatcherD. R. and McKinley-McKee
J. S.: Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase: An electrophoretic study of the Adh-S, Adh-F,
and Adh-UF alloenzymes. Biochem. Genetics 21:
63-80 (1983)
442. Winberg J. o. and McKinley-McKee J. S.: Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemical properties of the NAD+-plus-acetone-induced
isoenzyme conversion. Biochem. J. 251: 223-227
(1988)
443. Winter W. P. (ed.): Hemoglobin variants in human
populations. CRC Press, Boca Raton USA 1986
444. Wolfe K. H., Sharp P. M. and Li W. H.: Mutation
rates differ among regions of the mammalian
genome. Nature 337: 283-285 (1989)
445. Wooley K. J. and Athalye M.: A use for principal
coordinate analysis in the comparison of protein
sequences. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 140:
808-813 (1986)
446. Wooten M. C. and Smith M. H.: Large mammals are
genetically less variable. Evolution 39: 210-212
(1985)
447. Wu C. I. and Li W. H.: Evidence for higher rates of
nucleotide substitution in rodents than in man. Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1741-45 (1985)
448. Wyatt R., Odrzykoski I. J. and Stoneburner A.: High
levels of genetic variability in the haploid moss Plagiomnium ciliare. Evolution 43: 1086-96 (1989)
449. Wysocki L. J. and Gefter M. L.: Gene conversion
and the generation of antibody diversity. Annual Rev.
Biochem. 58: 509-531 (1989)
450. Yafee D. et al.: Highly conserved sequences in the 3'
untranslated region of mRNAs coding for homologous proteins in distantly related species. Nucleic
Acids Res. 13: 3723-37 (1985)
451. Yager L. N., Kaumeyer J. F. and Weinberg E. S.:
Evolving sea urchin histone genes - Nucleotide polymorphisms in the H4 gene and spacers of Strongylo-