295. Nei M., Stephens J. C. and Saitou, N.: Methods for
computing the standard errors of branching points in
an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes. Mol. BioI. EvoI. 2:
66-85 (1985)
296. Nei M. and Gojobori T.: Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous
nucleotide substitutions. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3: 418-426
(1986)
297. Nei M.: Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia
Univ. Press, New York 1987
298. Nei M. and Miller J. C.: A simple method for estimating average number of nucleotide substitutions within
and between populations from restruction data. Genetics 125: 873-879 (1990)
299. Nevo E., Shimony T. and Libni M.: Thermal selection
of allozyme polymorphisms in barnacles. Nature 267:
699-701 (1977)
300. Nevo E.: Genetic diversity in nature: Patterns and
theory. In: Evolutionary biology Vol. 23, pp.
217-246. Plenum, New York 1988
301. Newman C. M., Cohen J. E. and Kipnis C.: NeoDarwinian evolution implies punctuated equilibria.
Nature 315: 400-401 (1985)
302. O'Brien S. J. et aI.: A molecular solution to the riddle
of the giant panda's phylogeny. Nature 317: 140-144
(1985)
303. Ohnishi K. I.: Constant rate of evolution in the antigenicity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
revealed by the enzyme inhibition method. Compo
Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 80: 217-222 (1985)
304. Ohno S.: Evolution by gene duplication. Springer,
Berlin 1970
305. Ohta T. and Aoki K. (eds.): Population genetics and
molecular evolution. Springer, Tokyo 1985
306. Ohta T.: Simulating evolution by gene duplication.
Genetics 115: 207-213 (1987)
307. Ohta T.: Role of gene duplication in evolution.
Genome 31: 304-310 (1989)
308. Olmo E. et aI.: Repetitive DNA and polyploidy in
selachians. Compo Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 73:
739-745 (1982)
309. Orkin S. H. and Karazianjr. H. H.: The mutation and
polymorphism of the human ~-globin gene and its
surrounding DNA. Annual Rev. Genetics 18: 131-171
(1984)
310. Paabo S., Higuchi R. G. and Wilson A. c.: Ancient
DNA and the polymerase chain reaction. The emerging field of molecular archaeology. J. BioI. Chem.
264: 9709-12 (1989)
311. Pace N. R., Olsen G. J. and Woese C. R.: Ribosomal
RNA phylogeny and the primary lines of evolutionary descent. Cell 45: 325-326 (1986)
312. Palmer J. D. and Herbon L. A.: Plant mitochondrial
DNA evolves rapidly in structure, but slowly in
sequence. J. mol. Evol. 28: 87-97 (1989)
313. Palumbi S. R.: Rates of molecular evolution and the
fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary. J. mol.
Evol. 29: 180-187 (1989)
314. Pamilo P. and Nei M.: Relationships between gene
trees and species trees. Mol. BioI. Evol. 5: 568-583
(1988)
315. Panepucci L., Schwantes M. L. and Schwantes A. R.:
Biochemical and physiological properties of the lactate dehydrogenase allozymes of the Brazilian teleost,
Leporinus friderici, Anostomidae. Compo Biochem.
Physiol. Pt. B 87: 199-206 (1986)
References
179
316. Parker H. R., Philipp D. P. and Whitt G. S.: Gene
regulatory divergence among species estimated by
altered developmental patterns in interspecific
hybrids. Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 217-250 (1985)
317. Pasyukova E. G. et aI.: Concerted transpositions of
mobile genetic elements coupled with fitness changes
in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. BioI. EvoI. 3:
299-312 (1986)
318. Patterson C. (ed.): Molecules and morphology in
evolution: conflict or compromise? Cambridge Univ.
Press, New York 1987
319. Patterson C.: Homology in classical and molecular
biology. Mol. BioI. Evol. 5: 603-625 (1988)
320. Patthy L.: Detecting homology of distantly related
proteins with consensus sequences. J. mol. BioI. 198:
567-577 (1987)
321. Patthy L.: Detecting distant homologies of mosaic
proteins. J. mol. BioI. 202: 689-696 (1988)
322. Patton J. C. and Avise J. c.: An empirical evaluation
of qualitative hennigian analyses of protein electrophoretic data. J. mol. Evol. 19: 244-254 (1983)
323. Pearson W. R. and Lipman D. J.: Improved tools for
biological sequence comparison. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 85: 2444-48 (1988)
324. Pen J. et aI.: Differences in specificity and catalytic
efficiency between allozymes of esterase-4 from Drosophila mojavensis. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3: 366-373
(1986)
325. Penny D., Foulds L. R. and Hendy M. D.: Testing
the theory of evolution by comparing phylogenetic
trees constructed from five different protein sequences. Nature 297: 197-200 (1982)
326. Penny D. and Hendy M. D.: Estimating the realiability of evolutionary trees. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3: 403-417
(1986)
327. Perryman S. M. et al.: Sequence of a cDNA for
mouse thyrnidilate synthase reveals striking similarity
with the prokaryotic enzyme. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3:
313-321 (1986)
328. Pettersson G.: Effect of evolution on the kinetic
properties of enzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 184:
561-566 (1989)
329. Philipsen J. N. J. et al.: Characterization of a polymorphism in the 3' part of the chicken vitellogenin. J.
mol. Evol. 28: 185-190 (1989)
330. Place A. R. imd Powers D. A.: Kinetic characterization of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-B4) allozymes of Fundulus heteroclitus. J. bioI. Chem. 259:
1309-18 (1984)
331. Powell J. R.: Protein variation in natural populations
of animals. In: Evolutionary Biology Vol. 8, pp.
79-119. Plenum, New York 1975
332. Powell J. R. et aI.: Rates of nucleotide substitution in
Drosophila mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA
are similar. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 90-90-93
(1986)
333. Prager E. M. and Wilson A. c.: Congruence of phylogenies derived from different proteins. A molecular
analysis of the phylogenetic position of cracid birds.
J. mol. Evol. 9: 45-57 (1976)
334. Prager E. M., Welling G. W. and Wilson A. C.: Comparison of various immunological methods for distinguishing among mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases of known amino acid sequence. J. mol. Evol. 10:
293-307 (1978)
335. Prager E. M. and Wilson A. C.: Construction of phylogenetic trees for proteins and nucleic acids: Empir-
computing the standard errors of branching points in
an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes. Mol. BioI. EvoI. 2:
66-85 (1985)
296. Nei M. and Gojobori T.: Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous
nucleotide substitutions. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3: 418-426
(1986)
297. Nei M.: Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia
Univ. Press, New York 1987
298. Nei M. and Miller J. C.: A simple method for estimating average number of nucleotide substitutions within
and between populations from restruction data. Genetics 125: 873-879 (1990)
299. Nevo E., Shimony T. and Libni M.: Thermal selection
of allozyme polymorphisms in barnacles. Nature 267:
699-701 (1977)
300. Nevo E.: Genetic diversity in nature: Patterns and
theory. In: Evolutionary biology Vol. 23, pp.
217-246. Plenum, New York 1988
301. Newman C. M., Cohen J. E. and Kipnis C.: NeoDarwinian evolution implies punctuated equilibria.
Nature 315: 400-401 (1985)
302. O'Brien S. J. et aI.: A molecular solution to the riddle
of the giant panda's phylogeny. Nature 317: 140-144
(1985)
303. Ohnishi K. I.: Constant rate of evolution in the antigenicity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
revealed by the enzyme inhibition method. Compo
Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 80: 217-222 (1985)
304. Ohno S.: Evolution by gene duplication. Springer,
Berlin 1970
305. Ohta T. and Aoki K. (eds.): Population genetics and
molecular evolution. Springer, Tokyo 1985
306. Ohta T.: Simulating evolution by gene duplication.
Genetics 115: 207-213 (1987)
307. Ohta T.: Role of gene duplication in evolution.
Genome 31: 304-310 (1989)
308. Olmo E. et aI.: Repetitive DNA and polyploidy in
selachians. Compo Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 73:
739-745 (1982)
309. Orkin S. H. and Karazianjr. H. H.: The mutation and
polymorphism of the human ~-globin gene and its
surrounding DNA. Annual Rev. Genetics 18: 131-171
(1984)
310. Paabo S., Higuchi R. G. and Wilson A. c.: Ancient
DNA and the polymerase chain reaction. The emerging field of molecular archaeology. J. BioI. Chem.
264: 9709-12 (1989)
311. Pace N. R., Olsen G. J. and Woese C. R.: Ribosomal
RNA phylogeny and the primary lines of evolutionary descent. Cell 45: 325-326 (1986)
312. Palmer J. D. and Herbon L. A.: Plant mitochondrial
DNA evolves rapidly in structure, but slowly in
sequence. J. mol. Evol. 28: 87-97 (1989)
313. Palumbi S. R.: Rates of molecular evolution and the
fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary. J. mol.
Evol. 29: 180-187 (1989)
314. Pamilo P. and Nei M.: Relationships between gene
trees and species trees. Mol. BioI. Evol. 5: 568-583
(1988)
315. Panepucci L., Schwantes M. L. and Schwantes A. R.:
Biochemical and physiological properties of the lactate dehydrogenase allozymes of the Brazilian teleost,
Leporinus friderici, Anostomidae. Compo Biochem.
Physiol. Pt. B 87: 199-206 (1986)
References
179
316. Parker H. R., Philipp D. P. and Whitt G. S.: Gene
regulatory divergence among species estimated by
altered developmental patterns in interspecific
hybrids. Mol. BioI. Evol. 2: 217-250 (1985)
317. Pasyukova E. G. et aI.: Concerted transpositions of
mobile genetic elements coupled with fitness changes
in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. BioI. EvoI. 3:
299-312 (1986)
318. Patterson C. (ed.): Molecules and morphology in
evolution: conflict or compromise? Cambridge Univ.
Press, New York 1987
319. Patterson C.: Homology in classical and molecular
biology. Mol. BioI. Evol. 5: 603-625 (1988)
320. Patthy L.: Detecting homology of distantly related
proteins with consensus sequences. J. mol. BioI. 198:
567-577 (1987)
321. Patthy L.: Detecting distant homologies of mosaic
proteins. J. mol. BioI. 202: 689-696 (1988)
322. Patton J. C. and Avise J. c.: An empirical evaluation
of qualitative hennigian analyses of protein electrophoretic data. J. mol. Evol. 19: 244-254 (1983)
323. Pearson W. R. and Lipman D. J.: Improved tools for
biological sequence comparison. Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA 85: 2444-48 (1988)
324. Pen J. et aI.: Differences in specificity and catalytic
efficiency between allozymes of esterase-4 from Drosophila mojavensis. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3: 366-373
(1986)
325. Penny D., Foulds L. R. and Hendy M. D.: Testing
the theory of evolution by comparing phylogenetic
trees constructed from five different protein sequences. Nature 297: 197-200 (1982)
326. Penny D. and Hendy M. D.: Estimating the realiability of evolutionary trees. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3: 403-417
(1986)
327. Perryman S. M. et al.: Sequence of a cDNA for
mouse thyrnidilate synthase reveals striking similarity
with the prokaryotic enzyme. Mol. BioI. Evol. 3:
313-321 (1986)
328. Pettersson G.: Effect of evolution on the kinetic
properties of enzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 184:
561-566 (1989)
329. Philipsen J. N. J. et al.: Characterization of a polymorphism in the 3' part of the chicken vitellogenin. J.
mol. Evol. 28: 185-190 (1989)
330. Place A. R. imd Powers D. A.: Kinetic characterization of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-B4) allozymes of Fundulus heteroclitus. J. bioI. Chem. 259:
1309-18 (1984)
331. Powell J. R.: Protein variation in natural populations
of animals. In: Evolutionary Biology Vol. 8, pp.
79-119. Plenum, New York 1975
332. Powell J. R. et aI.: Rates of nucleotide substitution in
Drosophila mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA
are similar. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 90-90-93
(1986)
333. Prager E. M. and Wilson A. c.: Congruence of phylogenies derived from different proteins. A molecular
analysis of the phylogenetic position of cracid birds.
J. mol. Evol. 9: 45-57 (1976)
334. Prager E. M., Welling G. W. and Wilson A. C.: Comparison of various immunological methods for distinguishing among mammalian pancreatic ribonucleases of known amino acid sequence. J. mol. Evol. 10:
293-307 (1978)
335. Prager E. M. and Wilson A. C.: Construction of phylogenetic trees for proteins and nucleic acids: Empir-