viii
Contents
11 Dynamics of Seagrass Stability and Change
271–294
Carlos M. Duarte, James W. Fourqurean, Dorte Krause-Jensen,
and Birgit Olesen
I. Introduction
271
II. Components of Seagrass Meadows: from Apical
Meristems to Meadows
272
III. Shoot Dynamics
275
IV. Clones and Patch Dynamics
281
V. Gap Dynamics
283
VI. Dynamics of Seagrass Meadows at Different Time Scales
284
VII. Prospect: Forecasting Seagrass Dynamics
290
Acknowledgement
290
References
290
12 Aquatic Optics: Basic Concepts for Understanding How Light
Affects Seagrasses and Makes them Measurable from Space
Richard C. Zimmerman and Arnold G. Dekker
I.
Introduction
295
II. A Primer on Hydrologic Optics
295
III. Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters
300
References
301
13 Light and Photosynthesis in Seagrass Meadows
Richard C. Zimmerman
I.
Introduction
303
II. Radiation Transfer and Light Interception
304
III. Canopy Architecture and Leaf Orientation
304
IV. Leaf Optical Properties
307
V. Radiative Transfer and Submerged Plant Canopies
309
VI. Irradiance Distributions Within the Seagrass Canopy
311
VII. Productivity and Carbon Balance in Submerged Plant Canopies
312
VIII. Leaf Orientation, Canopy Density, and Self-Shading
313
IX. Effects of Water Quality on Seagrass Productivity and Distribution
315
X.
316
XI. Effects of Epiphytes on Leaf Photosynthesis
316
Acknowledgment
319
References
319
14 Photosynthesis and Metabolism in Seagrasses
at the Cellular Level
Anthony W. D. Larkum, Edward A. Drew, and Peter J. Ralph
I.
Introduction
323
II. Photosynthetic Adaptations to Marine Submergence
324
III. The Diffusive Boundary Layer (DBL)
324
295–301
303–321
323–345
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Seagrass Productivity