Chapter 25 Seagrass Conservation Biology
621
and Puerto Rico: Implications for conservation and management. Pac Conserv Biol 5: 289–298
Lindholm J and Barr B (2001) Comparison of marine and terrestrial protected areas under federal jurisdiction in the United
States. Conserv Biol 15: 1441–1444
Lipkin Y (1975) Halophila stipulacea in Cyprus and Rhodes,
1967–1970. Aquat Bot 1: 309–320
Lubchenco J, Palumbi SR, Gaines SD and Andelman S (2003)
Plugging a hole in the ocean: The emerging science of marine
reserves. Ecol Appl 13(Suppl.): S3–S7
Lyngby JE and Brix H (1984) The uptake of heavy metals in
eelgrass Zostera marina and their effect on growth. Ecol Bull
36: 81–89
Madsen JD, Chambers PA, James WF, Koch EW and Westlake
DF (2001) The interaction between water movement, sediment
dynamics and submersed macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 444:
71–84
Marb` a N and Duarte CM (1995) Coupling of seagrass (Cymodocea nodosa) patch dymanics to subaqueous dune migration.
J Ecol 83: 381–389
Marb` a N and Duarte CM (1998) Rhizome elongation and seagrass clonal growth. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174: 269–280
Marb` a N, Durate CM, Cebrian J, Enriquez S, Gallegos ME,
Olesen B and Sand-Jensen K (1996) Growth and population dynamics of Posidonia oceanica on the Spanish Mediterranean coast: Elucidating seagrass decline. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
137: 203–213
McRoy CP (1973) Seagrass Ecosystems. Research recommendations of the International Seagrass Workshop. International
Decade of Ocean Exploration. Workshop held 22–26 October
1973. Report submitted to the National Science Foundation,
Washington DC
McRoy CP and Helfferich C (1977) Seagrass Ecosystems, a scientific perspective. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
Meffe GK and Carroll CR (1994) Principles of Conservation
Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland
Meinez A, Benichou L, Blachier J, Komatsu T, Lemee R, Molenaar H and Hari X (1995) Variations in the structure, morphology and biomass of Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean
Sea. Botanica Marina 38: 499–508
Molenaar H and Meinesz A (1995) Vegetative reproduction in
Posidonia oceanica: Survival and development of transplanted
cuttings according to different spacings, arrangements and
substrates. Botanica Marina 38(4): 313–322
Muehlstein LK (1992) The host-pathogen interaction in the wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina. Can J Bot 70: 2081–
2088
Murphy DD and Duffus DA (1996) Conservation biology and
marine biodiversity. Conserv Biol 10(2): 311–312
National Marine Fisheries Service (2001) Final Recovery Plan
for Johnson’s Seagrass (Halophila johnsonii). Prepared by the
Johnson’s Seagrass Recovery Team for the National Marine
Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland
Neckles HA (1994) Indicator Development: Seagrass Monitoring and Research in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. EPA/620/R-94/-29
Nickerson-Tietze DJ (2000) Scientific characterization and monitoring: Its application to integrated coastal management in
Malaysia. Ecol Appl 10(2): 386–396
Nixon SW (1995) Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition,
social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41: 199–219
Norse EA (1993) Global Marine Biological Diversity: A Strategy
for Building Conservation into Decision Making. Island Press,
Washington DC
Ochieng CA and Erftemeijer PLA (2003) The seagrasses of
Kenya and Tanzania. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World
Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 82–92. University of California Press.
Berkeley
Orth RJ (1975) Destruction of eelgrass, Zostera marina by
the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in Chesapeake Bay.
Chesapeake Sci 16: 205–208
Orth RJ (2000) Protection and restoration of seagrass: Addressing global concerns from a local perspective in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Biologia Marina M´ edititerrnaea 7(2): 401–
404
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:
51–53
Orth RJ, Heck KL, Jr. and van Montfrans J (1984) Faunal communities in seagrass beds: A review of the influence of plant
structure and prey characteristics on predator–prey relationships. Estuaries 7: 339–350
Orth RJ, Luckenbach MW and Moore KA (1994) Seed dispersal
in a marine macrophyte: Implications for colonization and
restoration. Ecology 75: 1927–1939
Orth RJ, Fishman JR, Harwell MC and Marion SC (2003) Seed
density effects on germination and initial seedling establishment in eelgrass Zostera marina in the Chesapeake Bay region.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 250: 71–79
Orth RJ, Harwell MC, Bailey EM, Bartholomew A, Jawad JT,
Lombana AV, Moore KA, Rhode JM and Woods HE (2000)
Factors influencing the germination of seagrass seeds: A review and emerging issues. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 200: 277–
288
Orth RJ, Fishman JL, Wilcox DJ and Moore KA (2002) Identification and management of Fishing gear impacts in a recovering
seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula,
USA. J Coastal Res 37: 111–129
Patriquin DG (1975) Migration of blowouts in seagrass beds at
Barbados and Carriacou, West Indies and its ecological and
geological applications. Aquat Bot 1: 163–189
Pasqualini V, Pergent-Martini C and Pergent G (1999) Environmental impacts identification along the Corsican coast
(Mediterranean sea) using image processing. Aquat Bot 6:
311–320
Pawlak BT (1994) Analysis of the policies and management
practices of Washington State agencies as they pertain to the
seagrasses, Zostera marina and Zostera japonica. Reprint Series No. 20. Report to the Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Mount Vernon, Washington
Pergent-Martini C (1998) Posidonia oceanica: A biological indicator of past and present mercury contamination in the
Mediterranean sea. Mar Environ Res 45(2): 101–111
Pergent G, Mendez S, Pergent-Martini C and Pasqualini V
(1999) Preliminary data on the impact of fish farming facilities on Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean.
Oceanologica Acta 22(1): 95–107
Pergent G, Pergent-Martini C, Buia C and Gambi C (2000) Fourth
International Seagrass Biology Workshop Biologia Marina
Mediterranean 7(2): 1–443
621
and Puerto Rico: Implications for conservation and management. Pac Conserv Biol 5: 289–298
Lindholm J and Barr B (2001) Comparison of marine and terrestrial protected areas under federal jurisdiction in the United
States. Conserv Biol 15: 1441–1444
Lipkin Y (1975) Halophila stipulacea in Cyprus and Rhodes,
1967–1970. Aquat Bot 1: 309–320
Lubchenco J, Palumbi SR, Gaines SD and Andelman S (2003)
Plugging a hole in the ocean: The emerging science of marine
reserves. Ecol Appl 13(Suppl.): S3–S7
Lyngby JE and Brix H (1984) The uptake of heavy metals in
eelgrass Zostera marina and their effect on growth. Ecol Bull
36: 81–89
Madsen JD, Chambers PA, James WF, Koch EW and Westlake
DF (2001) The interaction between water movement, sediment
dynamics and submersed macrophytes. Hydrobiologia 444:
71–84
Marb` a N and Duarte CM (1995) Coupling of seagrass (Cymodocea nodosa) patch dymanics to subaqueous dune migration.
J Ecol 83: 381–389
Marb` a N and Duarte CM (1998) Rhizome elongation and seagrass clonal growth. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174: 269–280
Marb` a N, Durate CM, Cebrian J, Enriquez S, Gallegos ME,
Olesen B and Sand-Jensen K (1996) Growth and population dynamics of Posidonia oceanica on the Spanish Mediterranean coast: Elucidating seagrass decline. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
137: 203–213
McRoy CP (1973) Seagrass Ecosystems. Research recommendations of the International Seagrass Workshop. International
Decade of Ocean Exploration. Workshop held 22–26 October
1973. Report submitted to the National Science Foundation,
Washington DC
McRoy CP and Helfferich C (1977) Seagrass Ecosystems, a scientific perspective. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York
Meffe GK and Carroll CR (1994) Principles of Conservation
Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland
Meinez A, Benichou L, Blachier J, Komatsu T, Lemee R, Molenaar H and Hari X (1995) Variations in the structure, morphology and biomass of Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean
Sea. Botanica Marina 38: 499–508
Molenaar H and Meinesz A (1995) Vegetative reproduction in
Posidonia oceanica: Survival and development of transplanted
cuttings according to different spacings, arrangements and
substrates. Botanica Marina 38(4): 313–322
Muehlstein LK (1992) The host-pathogen interaction in the wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina. Can J Bot 70: 2081–
2088
Murphy DD and Duffus DA (1996) Conservation biology and
marine biodiversity. Conserv Biol 10(2): 311–312
National Marine Fisheries Service (2001) Final Recovery Plan
for Johnson’s Seagrass (Halophila johnsonii). Prepared by the
Johnson’s Seagrass Recovery Team for the National Marine
Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland
Neckles HA (1994) Indicator Development: Seagrass Monitoring and Research in the Gulf of Mexico. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. EPA/620/R-94/-29
Nickerson-Tietze DJ (2000) Scientific characterization and monitoring: Its application to integrated coastal management in
Malaysia. Ecol Appl 10(2): 386–396
Nixon SW (1995) Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition,
social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41: 199–219
Norse EA (1993) Global Marine Biological Diversity: A Strategy
for Building Conservation into Decision Making. Island Press,
Washington DC
Ochieng CA and Erftemeijer PLA (2003) The seagrasses of
Kenya and Tanzania. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World
Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 82–92. University of California Press.
Berkeley
Orth RJ (1975) Destruction of eelgrass, Zostera marina by
the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in Chesapeake Bay.
Chesapeake Sci 16: 205–208
Orth RJ (2000) Protection and restoration of seagrass: Addressing global concerns from a local perspective in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Biologia Marina M´ edititerrnaea 7(2): 401–
404
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:
51–53
Orth RJ, Heck KL, Jr. and van Montfrans J (1984) Faunal communities in seagrass beds: A review of the influence of plant
structure and prey characteristics on predator–prey relationships. Estuaries 7: 339–350
Orth RJ, Luckenbach MW and Moore KA (1994) Seed dispersal
in a marine macrophyte: Implications for colonization and
restoration. Ecology 75: 1927–1939
Orth RJ, Fishman JR, Harwell MC and Marion SC (2003) Seed
density effects on germination and initial seedling establishment in eelgrass Zostera marina in the Chesapeake Bay region.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 250: 71–79
Orth RJ, Harwell MC, Bailey EM, Bartholomew A, Jawad JT,
Lombana AV, Moore KA, Rhode JM and Woods HE (2000)
Factors influencing the germination of seagrass seeds: A review and emerging issues. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 200: 277–
288
Orth RJ, Fishman JL, Wilcox DJ and Moore KA (2002) Identification and management of Fishing gear impacts in a recovering
seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula,
USA. J Coastal Res 37: 111–129
Patriquin DG (1975) Migration of blowouts in seagrass beds at
Barbados and Carriacou, West Indies and its ecological and
geological applications. Aquat Bot 1: 163–189
Pasqualini V, Pergent-Martini C and Pergent G (1999) Environmental impacts identification along the Corsican coast
(Mediterranean sea) using image processing. Aquat Bot 6:
311–320
Pawlak BT (1994) Analysis of the policies and management
practices of Washington State agencies as they pertain to the
seagrasses, Zostera marina and Zostera japonica. Reprint Series No. 20. Report to the Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Mount Vernon, Washington
Pergent-Martini C (1998) Posidonia oceanica: A biological indicator of past and present mercury contamination in the
Mediterranean sea. Mar Environ Res 45(2): 101–111
Pergent G, Mendez S, Pergent-Martini C and Pasqualini V
(1999) Preliminary data on the impact of fish farming facilities on Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Mediterranean.
Oceanologica Acta 22(1): 95–107
Pergent G, Pergent-Martini C, Buia C and Gambi C (2000) Fourth
International Seagrass Biology Workshop Biologia Marina
Mediterranean 7(2): 1–443