Chapter 25 Seagrass Conservation Biology
619
Day J, Fernandes L, Lewis A, De’ath G, Slegers S, Barnett B,
Kerrigan B, Breen D, Innes J, Oliver J, Ward T and Lowe D
(2000) Presented at: 9th International Coral Reef Symposium,
Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 October 2000
De Jonge VN and De Jonge DJ (1992) Role of tide, light, and
fisheries in the decline of Zostera marina L in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Publication
Series 20: 161–176
de Kroon H and van Groenendael J (1997) The Ecology and
Evolution of Clonal Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden
De’arth G and Fabricius K (2000) Classification and regression
trees: A powerful yet simple technique for the analysis of complex ecological data. Ecology 81(11): 3178–3192
den Hartog C (1970) The Seagrasses of the World. Amsterdam,
North Holland
den Hartog C (1971) The dynamic aspect in the ecology of seagrass communities. Thalassia Jugoslavica 7: 101–112
den Hartog C (1997) Is Sargassum muticum a threat to eelgrass
beds? Aquat Bot 58: 37–41
den Hartog C (2000) Procedures for the restoration of lost seagrass beds. Biologia Marina Mediterranean 7(2): 353–356
Dennison WC, Orth RJ, Moore KA, Stevenson JC, Carter V, Kollar S, Bergstrom PW and Batiuk RA (1993) Assessing Water
Quality with Submersed Aquatic Vegetation: Habitat requirements as barometers of Chesapeake Bay health. Bioscience
43(2): 86–94
Dimech M, Borg JA and Schembri PJ (2000) Structural changes
in a Posidonia oceanica meadow exposed to a pollution gradient from a marine fish-farm in Malta (Central Mediterranean).
Biologia Marina Mediterranean 7(2): 361–364
Duarte CM (1999) Seagrass ecology at the turn of the millennium: Challenges for the new century. Aquat Bot 65: 7–20
Duarte CM (2000) Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services:
An elusive link. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250: 117–131
Duarte CM (2002) The future of seagrass meadows. Environ
Conserv 29: 192–206
Duarte CM and Sand Jensen K (1990) Seagrass colonization:
Biomass development and shoot demography in Cymodocea
nodosa patches. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 67: 97–103
Duarte CM and Fortes M (1999) Frontiers in seagrass research:
A challenge for the new millennium. Aquat Bot 65(Special
issue)
Duarte CM, Marb` a N, Agawin N, Cebrian J, Enriquez S, Fortes
MD, Gallegos ME, Merino M, Olesen B, Sand Jensen K, Uri
J and Vermaat J (1994) Reconstruction of seagrass dynamics: Age determinations and associated tools for the seagrass
ecologist. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 107: 195–209
Dumay O, Fernandez C and Pergent G (2002) Primary production
and vegetative cycle in Posidonia oceanica when in competition with the green algae Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa
racemosa. J Mar Biol Assoc 82: 379–387
Durako MJ (1994) Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay: Changes in
shoot demographic characteristics and population dynamics.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 110: 59–66
Escamilla A, Sanvicente M, Sosa M and Galindo LC (2000)
Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability and hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, Mexico. Conserv Biol 14(6): 1592–
1601
Felger RS and Moser MB (1985) People of the desert and sea:
Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. University of Arizona Press,
Tucson, Arizona
Fernandes L (2001). Representative Areas—Protecting Biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Presentation
and discussion session for the Queensland Fisheries Service
Fluharty D (2000) Habitat protection, ecological issues, and
implementation of the Sustainable Fisheries Act. Ecol Appl
10(2): 325–337
Fonseca MS (1996) Scale dependence in the study of seagrass
systems. In: Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H
(eds) Seagrass Biology; Proceedings of an International Workshop, pp 95–104, January 25–29, Rottnest Island, Western
Australia, Australia. Faculty of Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Fonseca MS and Fisher JS (1986) A comparison of canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass
with reference to their ecology and restoration. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 29: 15–22
Fonseca MS and Bell SS (1998) Influence of physical setting on
seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 171: 109–121
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ and Thayer GW (1998) Guidelines
for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United
States and adjacent waters. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program,
Decision Analysis Series Number 12
Fonseca MS, Julius BE and Kenworthy WJ (2000a) Integrating
biology and economics in seagrass restoration: How much is
enough and why? Ecol Eng 15: 227–237
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ and Whitfield PE (2002b) Temporal
dynamics of seagrass landscapes: A preliminary comparison
of chronic and extreme disturbance events. Biologia Marina
Mediterranea 7: 385–388
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ, Julius BE and Shutler S (2002a)
Seagrasses. In: Perrow MR and Davy AJ (eds) Handbook of
Ecological Restoration Vol 2, Restoration in Practice, pp 140–
170. University Press, Cambridge
Fonseca MS, Whitfield PE, Kelly NM and Bell S (2002b) Modeling seagrass landscape pattern and associated ecological attributes. Ecol Appl 12: 218–237
Fonseca MS, Whitfield PE, Kenworthy WJ, Colby David R and
Julius Brian E (2004) Use of two spatially explicit models to
determine the effect of injury geometry on natural resource
recovery. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 14: 281–
298
Fortes MD (1990) Seagrasses: A resource unknown in the
ASEAN Region. ICLARM Educational Series 5, International
Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management. Manila,
The Philippines
Fourqurean JW and Roblee MB (1999) Florida Bay: A brief
history of recent ecological changes. Estuaries 22: 345–
357
Fourqurean JW, Powell GVN, Kenworthy WJ and Zieman JC
(1995) The effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay. Oikos 72: 349–
358.
Fourqurean JW, Willsie A, Rose CD and Rutten LM (2001) Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition
and productivity in South Florida. Mar Biol 138: 341–354
Gallegos CL (2001) Calculating optical water quality targets to
restore and protect submersed aquatic vegetation: Overcoming
problems in partition the diffuse attenuation coefficient for
photosynthetically active radiation. Estuaries 24: 381–397
619
Day J, Fernandes L, Lewis A, De’ath G, Slegers S, Barnett B,
Kerrigan B, Breen D, Innes J, Oliver J, Ward T and Lowe D
(2000) Presented at: 9th International Coral Reef Symposium,
Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 October 2000
De Jonge VN and De Jonge DJ (1992) Role of tide, light, and
fisheries in the decline of Zostera marina L in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Publication
Series 20: 161–176
de Kroon H and van Groenendael J (1997) The Ecology and
Evolution of Clonal Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden
De’arth G and Fabricius K (2000) Classification and regression
trees: A powerful yet simple technique for the analysis of complex ecological data. Ecology 81(11): 3178–3192
den Hartog C (1970) The Seagrasses of the World. Amsterdam,
North Holland
den Hartog C (1971) The dynamic aspect in the ecology of seagrass communities. Thalassia Jugoslavica 7: 101–112
den Hartog C (1997) Is Sargassum muticum a threat to eelgrass
beds? Aquat Bot 58: 37–41
den Hartog C (2000) Procedures for the restoration of lost seagrass beds. Biologia Marina Mediterranean 7(2): 353–356
Dennison WC, Orth RJ, Moore KA, Stevenson JC, Carter V, Kollar S, Bergstrom PW and Batiuk RA (1993) Assessing Water
Quality with Submersed Aquatic Vegetation: Habitat requirements as barometers of Chesapeake Bay health. Bioscience
43(2): 86–94
Dimech M, Borg JA and Schembri PJ (2000) Structural changes
in a Posidonia oceanica meadow exposed to a pollution gradient from a marine fish-farm in Malta (Central Mediterranean).
Biologia Marina Mediterranean 7(2): 361–364
Duarte CM (1999) Seagrass ecology at the turn of the millennium: Challenges for the new century. Aquat Bot 65: 7–20
Duarte CM (2000) Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services:
An elusive link. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250: 117–131
Duarte CM (2002) The future of seagrass meadows. Environ
Conserv 29: 192–206
Duarte CM and Sand Jensen K (1990) Seagrass colonization:
Biomass development and shoot demography in Cymodocea
nodosa patches. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 67: 97–103
Duarte CM and Fortes M (1999) Frontiers in seagrass research:
A challenge for the new millennium. Aquat Bot 65(Special
issue)
Duarte CM, Marb` a N, Agawin N, Cebrian J, Enriquez S, Fortes
MD, Gallegos ME, Merino M, Olesen B, Sand Jensen K, Uri
J and Vermaat J (1994) Reconstruction of seagrass dynamics: Age determinations and associated tools for the seagrass
ecologist. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 107: 195–209
Dumay O, Fernandez C and Pergent G (2002) Primary production
and vegetative cycle in Posidonia oceanica when in competition with the green algae Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa
racemosa. J Mar Biol Assoc 82: 379–387
Durako MJ (1994) Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay: Changes in
shoot demographic characteristics and population dynamics.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 110: 59–66
Escamilla A, Sanvicente M, Sosa M and Galindo LC (2000)
Habitat mosaic, wildlife availability and hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, Mexico. Conserv Biol 14(6): 1592–
1601
Felger RS and Moser MB (1985) People of the desert and sea:
Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. University of Arizona Press,
Tucson, Arizona
Fernandes L (2001). Representative Areas—Protecting Biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Presentation
and discussion session for the Queensland Fisheries Service
Fluharty D (2000) Habitat protection, ecological issues, and
implementation of the Sustainable Fisheries Act. Ecol Appl
10(2): 325–337
Fonseca MS (1996) Scale dependence in the study of seagrass
systems. In: Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H
(eds) Seagrass Biology; Proceedings of an International Workshop, pp 95–104, January 25–29, Rottnest Island, Western
Australia, Australia. Faculty of Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
Fonseca MS and Fisher JS (1986) A comparison of canopy friction and sediment movement between four species of seagrass
with reference to their ecology and restoration. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 29: 15–22
Fonseca MS and Bell SS (1998) Influence of physical setting on
seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 171: 109–121
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ and Thayer GW (1998) Guidelines
for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United
States and adjacent waters. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program,
Decision Analysis Series Number 12
Fonseca MS, Julius BE and Kenworthy WJ (2000a) Integrating
biology and economics in seagrass restoration: How much is
enough and why? Ecol Eng 15: 227–237
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ and Whitfield PE (2002b) Temporal
dynamics of seagrass landscapes: A preliminary comparison
of chronic and extreme disturbance events. Biologia Marina
Mediterranea 7: 385–388
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ, Julius BE and Shutler S (2002a)
Seagrasses. In: Perrow MR and Davy AJ (eds) Handbook of
Ecological Restoration Vol 2, Restoration in Practice, pp 140–
170. University Press, Cambridge
Fonseca MS, Whitfield PE, Kelly NM and Bell S (2002b) Modeling seagrass landscape pattern and associated ecological attributes. Ecol Appl 12: 218–237
Fonseca MS, Whitfield PE, Kenworthy WJ, Colby David R and
Julius Brian E (2004) Use of two spatially explicit models to
determine the effect of injury geometry on natural resource
recovery. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwater Ecosyst 14: 281–
298
Fortes MD (1990) Seagrasses: A resource unknown in the
ASEAN Region. ICLARM Educational Series 5, International
Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management. Manila,
The Philippines
Fourqurean JW and Roblee MB (1999) Florida Bay: A brief
history of recent ecological changes. Estuaries 22: 345–
357
Fourqurean JW, Powell GVN, Kenworthy WJ and Zieman JC
(1995) The effects of long-term manipulation of nutrient supply on competition between the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Halodule wrightii in Florida Bay. Oikos 72: 349–
358.
Fourqurean JW, Willsie A, Rose CD and Rutten LM (2001) Spatial and temporal pattern in seagrass community composition
and productivity in South Florida. Mar Biol 138: 341–354
Gallegos CL (2001) Calculating optical water quality targets to
restore and protect submersed aquatic vegetation: Overcoming
problems in partition the diffuse attenuation coefficient for
photosynthetically active radiation. Estuaries 24: 381–397