Chapter 24 Human Impacts on Seagrasses
591
Neverauskas VP (1988) Response of a Posidonia community to
prolonged reduction in light. Aquat Bot 31: 361–366
Nixon SW (1997) Prehistoric nutrient inputs and productivity in
Narragansett Bay. Estuaries 20: 253–261
Nixon SW, Ammerman JW, Atkinson LP, Berounsky VM, Billen
G, Boicourt WG, Boynton WR, Church TM, DiToro DM,
Elmgren R, Garber JH, Giblin AE, Jahnke RA, Owens NJP,
Pilson ME and Seitzinger SP (1996) The fate of nitrogen and
phosphorus at the land-sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Biogeochemistry 15: 141–180
Nixon SW, Granger SL and Nowicki BL (1995) An assessment of
the annual mass balance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
in Narragansett Bay. Biogeochemistry 31: 15–61
Okamura H, Aoyama I, Takami T, Maruyama T, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto M, Katsuyama I, Hamada J, Beppo T, Tanaka O,
Maguire RJ, Lui D, Lau YL and Pacepavicius GJ (2000) Phytotoxicity of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 and
a major degradation product. Mar Pollut Bull 40: 754–763
Olesen B and Sand-Jensen K (1994) Patch dynamics of eelgrass
Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 106: 147–156
Onuf CP (1994) Seagrasses, dredging and light in laguna madre,
Texas, USA. Est Coast Shelf Sci 39: 75–91
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:
51–53
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1984) Distribution and abundance of
submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: An historical perspective. Estuaries 7: 531–540
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1986) Seasonal and year-to-year variations in the growth of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in the lower
Chesapeake Bay. Aquat Bot 24: 335–341
Pedersen MF, Paling EI and Walker DI (1997) Nitrogen uptake
and allocation in the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica. Aquat
Bot 56: 105–117
Peralta G, Bouma TJ, van Soelen J, P´ erez-Llor´ ens JL and
Hern´ andez I (2003) On the use of sediment fertilization for
seagrass restoration: A mesocosm study on Zostera marina L.
Aquat Bot 75: 95–110
Peres JM and Picard J (1975) Causes de la rarefaction et de la
disparition des herbiers de Posidonia oceanica sur les cotes
Francaises de la Mediterranee. Aquat Bot 1: 133–139
Pergent-Martini C and Pergent G (1996) Spatio-temporal dynamics of Posidonia oceanica beds near a sewage outfall
(Mediterranean—France), pp 299–306. In: Kuo J, Phillips
RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology:
Proceedings of an International Workshop Rottnest Island,
Western Australia, 25–29 January 1996. Sciences UWA,
Perth
Pergent-Martini C and Pergent G (2000) Marine phanerogams as
a tool in the evaluation of marine trace-metal contamination:
An example from the Mediterranean. Int J Environ Pollut 13:
126–147
Peters EC, Gassman NJ, Firman JC, Richmond RH and Power EA
(1997) Ecotoxicology of tropical marine ecosystems. Environ
Toxicol Chem 16: 12–40
Powell GVN, Kenworthy WJ and Fourqurean JW (1989) Experimental evidence for nutrient limitation of seagrass growth in
a tropical estuary with restricted circulation. Bull Mar Sci 44:
324–340
Powell GVN, Fourqurean JW, Kenworthy WJ and Zieman JC
(1991) Bird colonies cause seagrass enrichment in a subtropical estuary: Observational and experimental evidence. Est
Coast Shelf Sci 32: 567–579
Prange JA and Dennison WC (2000) Physiological responses
of five seagrass species to trace metals. Mar Pollut Bull 41:
327–336
Prasad MNV and Strzalka K (1999) Impact of heavy metals on
photosynthesis. pp 117–138. In: Prasad MNV and Hagemeyer
J (eds) Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. Springer, Berlin
Preen AR, Lee Long WJ and Coles RG (1995) Flood and cyclone
related loss, and partial recovery, of more than 1000 km
2 of
seagrass in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia. Aquat Bot 52:
3–17
Pregnall AM, Smith RD, Kursar TA and Alberte RS (1984)
Metabolic adaptation of Zostera marina (eelgrass) to diurnal
periods of root anoxia. Mar Biol 83: 141–147
Ralph PJ (2000) Herbicide toxicity of Halophila ovalis, assessed
by chlorophyll afluorescence. Aquat Bot 66: 141–152
Ralph PJ and Burchett MD (1998a) Photosynthetic response of
Halophila ovalis to heavy metal stress. Environ Pollut 103:
91–101
Ralph PJ and Burchett MD (1998b) Impact of petrochemicals
on the photosynthesis of Halophila ovalis using chlorophyll
fluorescence. Mar Pollut Bull 36: 429–436
Ren L, Huang XD, McConkey BJ, Dixon DG and Greenberg
BM (1994) Photoinduced toxicity of three polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (Fluoranthene, Pyrene and Naphthalene) to the
duckweed Lemna gibba L. G-3. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 28:
160–171
Reyes E and Merino M (1991) Diel dissolved oxygen dynamics
and eutrophication in a shallow, well-mixed tropical lagoon
(Cancun, Mexico). Estuaries 14: 372–381
Rogers HR, Watts CD and Johnson I (1996) Comparative predictions of Irgarol 1051 and Atrazine fate and toxicity. Environ
Technol 17: 553–556
Sanchiz C, Garcia-Carrascosa AM and Pastor A (2001) Relationships between sediment physicochemical characteristics and
heavy metal bioaccumulation in Mediterranean soft-bottom
macrophytes. Aquat Bot 69: 63–73
Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program (2000) Sarasota Bay
2000: A Decade of Progress. Sarasota Bay National Estuary
Program, Sarasota, FL
Scarlett A, Donkin P, Fileman TW, Evans SV and Donkin ME
(1999) Risk posed by the antifouling paint Irgarol 1051 to the
seagrass, Zostera marina. Aquat Toxicol 45: 159–170
Schlacher-Hoenlinger MA and Schlacher TA (1998) Accumulation, contamination, and seasonal variability of trace metals
in the coastal zone-patterns in a seagrass meadow from the
Mediterranean. Mar Biol 131: 401–410
Schwarzschild AC, MacIntyre WG, Moore KA and Libelo EL
(1994) Zostera marina L. growth response to atrazine in rootrhizome and whole plant exposure experiments. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 183: 77–89
Shepherd SA, McComb AJ, Bulthuis DA, Neverauskas V,
Steffensen DA and West R (1989) Decline of seagrasses. In:
Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology
of Seagrasses. A Treatise of the Biology of Seagrasses with
Special Reference to the Australian Region, pp 346–393. Elsevier, The Netherlands
Short FT (1987) Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses:
Literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquat Bot 27:
41–57
591
Neverauskas VP (1988) Response of a Posidonia community to
prolonged reduction in light. Aquat Bot 31: 361–366
Nixon SW (1997) Prehistoric nutrient inputs and productivity in
Narragansett Bay. Estuaries 20: 253–261
Nixon SW, Ammerman JW, Atkinson LP, Berounsky VM, Billen
G, Boicourt WG, Boynton WR, Church TM, DiToro DM,
Elmgren R, Garber JH, Giblin AE, Jahnke RA, Owens NJP,
Pilson ME and Seitzinger SP (1996) The fate of nitrogen and
phosphorus at the land-sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Biogeochemistry 15: 141–180
Nixon SW, Granger SL and Nowicki BL (1995) An assessment of
the annual mass balance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
in Narragansett Bay. Biogeochemistry 31: 15–61
Okamura H, Aoyama I, Takami T, Maruyama T, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto M, Katsuyama I, Hamada J, Beppo T, Tanaka O,
Maguire RJ, Lui D, Lau YL and Pacepavicius GJ (2000) Phytotoxicity of the new antifouling compound Irgarol 1051 and
a major degradation product. Mar Pollut Bull 40: 754–763
Olesen B and Sand-Jensen K (1994) Patch dynamics of eelgrass
Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 106: 147–156
Onuf CP (1994) Seagrasses, dredging and light in laguna madre,
Texas, USA. Est Coast Shelf Sci 39: 75–91
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:
51–53
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1984) Distribution and abundance of
submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: An historical perspective. Estuaries 7: 531–540
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1986) Seasonal and year-to-year variations in the growth of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in the lower
Chesapeake Bay. Aquat Bot 24: 335–341
Pedersen MF, Paling EI and Walker DI (1997) Nitrogen uptake
and allocation in the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica. Aquat
Bot 56: 105–117
Peralta G, Bouma TJ, van Soelen J, P´ erez-Llor´ ens JL and
Hern´ andez I (2003) On the use of sediment fertilization for
seagrass restoration: A mesocosm study on Zostera marina L.
Aquat Bot 75: 95–110
Peres JM and Picard J (1975) Causes de la rarefaction et de la
disparition des herbiers de Posidonia oceanica sur les cotes
Francaises de la Mediterranee. Aquat Bot 1: 133–139
Pergent-Martini C and Pergent G (1996) Spatio-temporal dynamics of Posidonia oceanica beds near a sewage outfall
(Mediterranean—France), pp 299–306. In: Kuo J, Phillips
RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology:
Proceedings of an International Workshop Rottnest Island,
Western Australia, 25–29 January 1996. Sciences UWA,
Perth
Pergent-Martini C and Pergent G (2000) Marine phanerogams as
a tool in the evaluation of marine trace-metal contamination:
An example from the Mediterranean. Int J Environ Pollut 13:
126–147
Peters EC, Gassman NJ, Firman JC, Richmond RH and Power EA
(1997) Ecotoxicology of tropical marine ecosystems. Environ
Toxicol Chem 16: 12–40
Powell GVN, Kenworthy WJ and Fourqurean JW (1989) Experimental evidence for nutrient limitation of seagrass growth in
a tropical estuary with restricted circulation. Bull Mar Sci 44:
324–340
Powell GVN, Fourqurean JW, Kenworthy WJ and Zieman JC
(1991) Bird colonies cause seagrass enrichment in a subtropical estuary: Observational and experimental evidence. Est
Coast Shelf Sci 32: 567–579
Prange JA and Dennison WC (2000) Physiological responses
of five seagrass species to trace metals. Mar Pollut Bull 41:
327–336
Prasad MNV and Strzalka K (1999) Impact of heavy metals on
photosynthesis. pp 117–138. In: Prasad MNV and Hagemeyer
J (eds) Heavy Metal Stress in Plants. Springer, Berlin
Preen AR, Lee Long WJ and Coles RG (1995) Flood and cyclone
related loss, and partial recovery, of more than 1000 km
2 of
seagrass in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia. Aquat Bot 52:
3–17
Pregnall AM, Smith RD, Kursar TA and Alberte RS (1984)
Metabolic adaptation of Zostera marina (eelgrass) to diurnal
periods of root anoxia. Mar Biol 83: 141–147
Ralph PJ (2000) Herbicide toxicity of Halophila ovalis, assessed
by chlorophyll afluorescence. Aquat Bot 66: 141–152
Ralph PJ and Burchett MD (1998a) Photosynthetic response of
Halophila ovalis to heavy metal stress. Environ Pollut 103:
91–101
Ralph PJ and Burchett MD (1998b) Impact of petrochemicals
on the photosynthesis of Halophila ovalis using chlorophyll
fluorescence. Mar Pollut Bull 36: 429–436
Ren L, Huang XD, McConkey BJ, Dixon DG and Greenberg
BM (1994) Photoinduced toxicity of three polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (Fluoranthene, Pyrene and Naphthalene) to the
duckweed Lemna gibba L. G-3. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 28:
160–171
Reyes E and Merino M (1991) Diel dissolved oxygen dynamics
and eutrophication in a shallow, well-mixed tropical lagoon
(Cancun, Mexico). Estuaries 14: 372–381
Rogers HR, Watts CD and Johnson I (1996) Comparative predictions of Irgarol 1051 and Atrazine fate and toxicity. Environ
Technol 17: 553–556
Sanchiz C, Garcia-Carrascosa AM and Pastor A (2001) Relationships between sediment physicochemical characteristics and
heavy metal bioaccumulation in Mediterranean soft-bottom
macrophytes. Aquat Bot 69: 63–73
Sarasota Bay National Estuary Program (2000) Sarasota Bay
2000: A Decade of Progress. Sarasota Bay National Estuary
Program, Sarasota, FL
Scarlett A, Donkin P, Fileman TW, Evans SV and Donkin ME
(1999) Risk posed by the antifouling paint Irgarol 1051 to the
seagrass, Zostera marina. Aquat Toxicol 45: 159–170
Schlacher-Hoenlinger MA and Schlacher TA (1998) Accumulation, contamination, and seasonal variability of trace metals
in the coastal zone-patterns in a seagrass meadow from the
Mediterranean. Mar Biol 131: 401–410
Schwarzschild AC, MacIntyre WG, Moore KA and Libelo EL
(1994) Zostera marina L. growth response to atrazine in rootrhizome and whole plant exposure experiments. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 183: 77–89
Shepherd SA, McComb AJ, Bulthuis DA, Neverauskas V,
Steffensen DA and West R (1989) Decline of seagrasses. In:
Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology
of Seagrasses. A Treatise of the Biology of Seagrasses with
Special Reference to the Australian Region, pp 346–393. Elsevier, The Netherlands
Short FT (1987) Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses:
Literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquat Bot 27:
41–57