548
K. L. Heck and R. J. Orth
cues on metamorphosis of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 131: 165–177
Giesen WBJT, van Katwijk MM and den Hartog C (1990) Eelgrass condition and turbidity in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Aquat
Bot 37: 71–85
Gotceitas V (1990a) Plant stem density as a cue in patch choice
by foraging juvenile bluegill sunfish. Environ Biol Fishes 29:
227–232
Gotceitas V (1990b) Foraging and predator avoidance: A test of
patch choice model with juvenile bluegill sunfish. Oecologia
83: 346–351
Gotceitas V and Colgan P (1989) Predator foraging success and
predator–prey interactions: Quantitative test of the threshold
hypothesis. Oecologia 80: 158–166
Hauxwell J, Cebrian J, Furlong C and Valiela I (2001) Macroalgal
canopies contribute to eelgrass (Zostera marina) decline in
temperate estuarine ecosystems. Ecology 82: 1007–1022
Heck KL Jr and Orth RJ (1980) Seagrass habitats: The roles of
habitat complexity, competition and predation in structuring
associated fish and motile macroinvertebrate assemblages. In:
Kennedy VS (ed) Estuarine Perspectives, pp 449–464. Academic Press, New York
Heck KL Jr and Thoman TA (1981) Experiments on predator–
prey interactions in vegetated aquatic habitats. J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 53: 125–134
Heck KL Jr and Wilson KA (1987) Predation rates on decapod
crustaceans in latitudinally separated seagrass communities:
A study of spatial and temporal variation using tethering techniques. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 197: 87–100
Heck KL Jr and Crowder LB (1991) Habitat structure and
predator–prey interactions in vegetated aquatic systems. In:
Bell SS, McCoy ED and Mushinsky HR (eds) In Habitat
Complexity: The Physical Arrangement of Objects in Space,
pp 280–299. Chapman and Hall, New York
Heck KL Jr and Coen LD (1995) Predation and the abundance
of juvenile blue crabs: A comparison of selected east and Gulf
coast (USA) studies. Bull Mar Sci 57(3): 877–883
Heck KL Jr, Coen LD and Morgan SG (2001) Pre- and postsettlement factors as determinants of juvenile blue Callinectes
sapidus abundance: Results from the north-central Gulf of
Mexico. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 222: 163–176
Heck KL Jr, Pennock J, Valentine J, Coen L and Sklenar SS (2000)
Effects of nutrient enrichment and large predator removal on
seagrass nursery habitats: An experimental assessment. Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1041–1057
Heck KL Jr, Coen LD and Wilson DM (2002) Growth of northern
[(Merceneria mercenaria (L.)] and Southern [M. campechensis (Gmelin)] quahogs: Influence of seagrasses and latitude. J
Shellfish Res 21: 635–642
Heck KL Jr, Hays G and Orth RJ (2003) Critical evaluation of
the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 253: 123–136
Heithaus MR, Dill LM, Marshall GJ and Buhleier B (2002) Habitat use and foraging behavior of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in a seagrass ecosystem. Mar Biol 140: 237–248
Hemminga MA and Duarte CM (2000) Seagrass Ecology.
Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, England)
Hovel KA and Lipcius RN (2002) Effects of seagrass habitat
fragmentation on juvenile blue crab survival and abundance.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 271: 75–98
Howard RK (1982) Impact of feeding activities of epibenthic
amphipods on surface fouling of eelgrass leaves. Aquat Bot
14: 91–87
Howard RK and Short FT (1986) Seagrass growth and survivorship under the influence of epiphyte grazers. Aquat Bot 24:
287–302
Howarth R, Anderson D, Cloern J, Elfring C, Hopkinson C, Lapointe B, Malone T, Marcus N, McGlathery K, Sharpley A
and Walker D (2000) Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays
and seas. Issues Ecol 7: 1–15
Irlandi EA (1994) Large- and small-scale effects of habitat structure on rates of predation: How percent coverage of seagrass
affects rates of predation and siphon nipping on an infaunal
bivalve. Oecologia 98: 176–183
Irlandi EA and Peterson CH (1991) Modifications of animal habitat by large plants: Mechanisms by which seagrasses influence
clam growth. Oecologia 87: 307–318
Irlandi EA and Mehlich ME (1996) The effect of tissue cropping
disturbance by browsing fishes on growth of two species of
suspension-feeding bivalves. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 197: 279–
293
Irlandi EA and Crawford MK (1997) Habitat linkages: The effects of intertidal saltmarshes and adjacent subtidal habitats
on abundance, movement, and growth of an estuarine fish.
Oecologia 110: 222–230
Irlandi EA, Ambrose WG and Orlando BA (1995) Landscape
ecology and the marine environment: How spatial configuration of seagrass habitat influences growth and survival of the
bay scallop. Oikos 72: 307–313
Jackson JBC (1973) The ecology of mollusks of Thalassia communities, Jamaica West Indies. I. Distribution, environmental
physiology, and ecology of common shallow–water species.
Bull Mar Sci 23(2): 313–350
Jackson JBC Kirby MX, Berger WH, Bjorndal KA, Botsford
LW, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, Erlandson J, Estes
JA, Hughes TP, Kidwell S, Lange CB, Lenihan HS, Pandolfi
JM, Peterson CH, Steneck RS, Tagner MJ and Warner RR
(2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal
ecosystems. Science 293: 629–638
James PL and Heck KL Jr (1994) The effects of habitat complexity and light intensity on ambush predation within simulated
seagrass habitat. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 176: 187–200
Jenkins GP, May MHA, Wheatley MJ and Holloway MG (1997)
Comparisons of fish assemblages associated with seagrass and
adjacent unvegetated habitats of Port Phillips Bay and Corner
Inlet, Australia, with emphasis on commercial species. Est
Coast Shelf Sci 44: 569–588
Jones JI and Sayer CD (2003) Does the fish-invertebrateperiphyton cascade precipitate plant loss in shallow lakes?
Ecology 84: 2155–2167
Lin HJ, Nixon SW, Taylor DI, Granger SL and Buckley BA (1996)
Responses of epiphytes on eelgrass, Zostera marina L., to
separate and combined nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 52: 243–248
Lineham JE, Gregory RS and Schneider DC (2001) Predation
risk of age-0 cod (Gadus) relative to depth and substrate in
coastal waters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 263: 25–44
Main KL (1985) The influence of prey identity and size on selection of prey by two marine fishes. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 88:
145–152
K. L. Heck and R. J. Orth
cues on metamorphosis of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 131: 165–177
Giesen WBJT, van Katwijk MM and den Hartog C (1990) Eelgrass condition and turbidity in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Aquat
Bot 37: 71–85
Gotceitas V (1990a) Plant stem density as a cue in patch choice
by foraging juvenile bluegill sunfish. Environ Biol Fishes 29:
227–232
Gotceitas V (1990b) Foraging and predator avoidance: A test of
patch choice model with juvenile bluegill sunfish. Oecologia
83: 346–351
Gotceitas V and Colgan P (1989) Predator foraging success and
predator–prey interactions: Quantitative test of the threshold
hypothesis. Oecologia 80: 158–166
Hauxwell J, Cebrian J, Furlong C and Valiela I (2001) Macroalgal
canopies contribute to eelgrass (Zostera marina) decline in
temperate estuarine ecosystems. Ecology 82: 1007–1022
Heck KL Jr and Orth RJ (1980) Seagrass habitats: The roles of
habitat complexity, competition and predation in structuring
associated fish and motile macroinvertebrate assemblages. In:
Kennedy VS (ed) Estuarine Perspectives, pp 449–464. Academic Press, New York
Heck KL Jr and Thoman TA (1981) Experiments on predator–
prey interactions in vegetated aquatic habitats. J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 53: 125–134
Heck KL Jr and Wilson KA (1987) Predation rates on decapod
crustaceans in latitudinally separated seagrass communities:
A study of spatial and temporal variation using tethering techniques. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 197: 87–100
Heck KL Jr and Crowder LB (1991) Habitat structure and
predator–prey interactions in vegetated aquatic systems. In:
Bell SS, McCoy ED and Mushinsky HR (eds) In Habitat
Complexity: The Physical Arrangement of Objects in Space,
pp 280–299. Chapman and Hall, New York
Heck KL Jr and Coen LD (1995) Predation and the abundance
of juvenile blue crabs: A comparison of selected east and Gulf
coast (USA) studies. Bull Mar Sci 57(3): 877–883
Heck KL Jr, Coen LD and Morgan SG (2001) Pre- and postsettlement factors as determinants of juvenile blue Callinectes
sapidus abundance: Results from the north-central Gulf of
Mexico. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 222: 163–176
Heck KL Jr, Pennock J, Valentine J, Coen L and Sklenar SS (2000)
Effects of nutrient enrichment and large predator removal on
seagrass nursery habitats: An experimental assessment. Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1041–1057
Heck KL Jr, Coen LD and Wilson DM (2002) Growth of northern
[(Merceneria mercenaria (L.)] and Southern [M. campechensis (Gmelin)] quahogs: Influence of seagrasses and latitude. J
Shellfish Res 21: 635–642
Heck KL Jr, Hays G and Orth RJ (2003) Critical evaluation of
the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 253: 123–136
Heithaus MR, Dill LM, Marshall GJ and Buhleier B (2002) Habitat use and foraging behavior of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in a seagrass ecosystem. Mar Biol 140: 237–248
Hemminga MA and Duarte CM (2000) Seagrass Ecology.
Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, England)
Hovel KA and Lipcius RN (2002) Effects of seagrass habitat
fragmentation on juvenile blue crab survival and abundance.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 271: 75–98
Howard RK (1982) Impact of feeding activities of epibenthic
amphipods on surface fouling of eelgrass leaves. Aquat Bot
14: 91–87
Howard RK and Short FT (1986) Seagrass growth and survivorship under the influence of epiphyte grazers. Aquat Bot 24:
287–302
Howarth R, Anderson D, Cloern J, Elfring C, Hopkinson C, Lapointe B, Malone T, Marcus N, McGlathery K, Sharpley A
and Walker D (2000) Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays
and seas. Issues Ecol 7: 1–15
Irlandi EA (1994) Large- and small-scale effects of habitat structure on rates of predation: How percent coverage of seagrass
affects rates of predation and siphon nipping on an infaunal
bivalve. Oecologia 98: 176–183
Irlandi EA and Peterson CH (1991) Modifications of animal habitat by large plants: Mechanisms by which seagrasses influence
clam growth. Oecologia 87: 307–318
Irlandi EA and Mehlich ME (1996) The effect of tissue cropping
disturbance by browsing fishes on growth of two species of
suspension-feeding bivalves. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 197: 279–
293
Irlandi EA and Crawford MK (1997) Habitat linkages: The effects of intertidal saltmarshes and adjacent subtidal habitats
on abundance, movement, and growth of an estuarine fish.
Oecologia 110: 222–230
Irlandi EA, Ambrose WG and Orlando BA (1995) Landscape
ecology and the marine environment: How spatial configuration of seagrass habitat influences growth and survival of the
bay scallop. Oikos 72: 307–313
Jackson JBC (1973) The ecology of mollusks of Thalassia communities, Jamaica West Indies. I. Distribution, environmental
physiology, and ecology of common shallow–water species.
Bull Mar Sci 23(2): 313–350
Jackson JBC Kirby MX, Berger WH, Bjorndal KA, Botsford
LW, Bourque BJ, Bradbury RH, Cooke RG, Erlandson J, Estes
JA, Hughes TP, Kidwell S, Lange CB, Lenihan HS, Pandolfi
JM, Peterson CH, Steneck RS, Tagner MJ and Warner RR
(2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal
ecosystems. Science 293: 629–638
James PL and Heck KL Jr (1994) The effects of habitat complexity and light intensity on ambush predation within simulated
seagrass habitat. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 176: 187–200
Jenkins GP, May MHA, Wheatley MJ and Holloway MG (1997)
Comparisons of fish assemblages associated with seagrass and
adjacent unvegetated habitats of Port Phillips Bay and Corner
Inlet, Australia, with emphasis on commercial species. Est
Coast Shelf Sci 44: 569–588
Jones JI and Sayer CD (2003) Does the fish-invertebrateperiphyton cascade precipitate plant loss in shallow lakes?
Ecology 84: 2155–2167
Lin HJ, Nixon SW, Taylor DI, Granger SL and Buckley BA (1996)
Responses of epiphytes on eelgrass, Zostera marina L., to
separate and combined nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 52: 243–248
Lineham JE, Gregory RS and Schneider DC (2001) Predation
risk of age-0 cod (Gadus) relative to depth and substrate in
coastal waters. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 263: 25–44
Main KL (1985) The influence of prey identity and size on selection of prey by two marine fishes. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 88:
145–152