Chapter 22 Predation in Seagrass Beds
549
Main KL (1987) Predator avoidance in seagrass meadows: Prey
behavior, microhabitat selection, and cryptic coloration. Ecology 68: 170–180
Mattila J and Heck KL Jr (in review) Does increased habitat
structure provide increased refuge from predation?
Menge BA and Lubchenko J (1981) Community organization in
temperate and tropical rocky intertidal habitats: Prey refuges
in relation to consumer pressure gradients. Ecol Monogr 51:
429–450
Micheli F and Peterson CH (1999) Estuarine vegetated habitats
as corridors for predator movements. Conserv Biol 13: 869–
881
Nakaoka M (2000) Nonlethal effects of predators on prey populations: Predator-mediated change in bivalve growth. Ecology
81: 1031–1045
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (2000) Clean Coastal
Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient
Pollution. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy
Press, Washington, DC
Neckles HA, Wetzel RL and Orth RJ (1993) Relative effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphytonmacrophyte (Zostera marina) dynamics. Oecologia 93: 285–
295
Nelson WG (1979) Experimental studies of selective predation
on amphipods: Consequences for amphipod distribution and
abundance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 38: 225–245
Nelson WG and Bonsdorff E (1990) Fish predation and habitat
complexity: Are complexity thresholds real? J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 141: 183–194
Neundorfer JV and Kemp WM (1993) Nitrogen versus phosphorus enrichment of brackish waters: Responses of the submersed plant Potamogeton perfoliatus and its associated algal
community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 94: 71–82
Orth RJ (1992) A perspective on plant-animal interactions ins
seagrasses: Physical and biological determinants influencing
plant and animal abundance. In: John DM, Hawkins SJ and
Price JH (eds) Plant–Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. Systematics Association Special, Vol 46, pp 147–164.
Clarendon Press, Oxford
Orth RJ and Heck KL Jr. (1980) Structural components of eelgrass meadows in the lower Chesapeake Bay – fishes. Estuaries
3: 278–288
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:
51–53
Orth RJ and van Montfrans J (2002) Habitat quality and prey size
as determinants of survival in post-larval and early juvenile
instars of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 231: 205–213
Orth RJ, Heck KL Jr and van Montfrans J (1984) Faunal Communities in Seagrass beds: A review of the influence of plant
structure and prey characteristics on predator–prey relationships. Estuaries 7: 339–350
Peterson CH and Quammen ML (1982) Siphon nipping: Its importance to small fishes and its impact on growth of the bivalve
Protothaca staminea (Conrad). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 63: 249–
268
Peterson BJ and Heck KL Jr (2001) Positive interactions between
suspension-feeding bivalves and seagrass—a facultative mutualism. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 213: 143–155
Peterson CH and Lipcius RN (2003) Conceptual progress towards predicting quantitative ecosystem benefits of ecological
restorations. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 264: 297–307
Peterson BJ, Thompson KR, Cowan JH and Heck KL Jr (2001)
Comparison of predation pressure in temperate and subtropical seagrass habitats based on chronographic tethering. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 224: 77–85
Phelan BA, Goldberg R, Bejda AJ, Pereira J, Hagan S, Clark
P, Studholme AL, Calabrese A and Able KW (2000) Estuarine and habitat-related differences in growth rates of youngof-the-year winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)
and tautog (Tautoga onitis) in three northeastern US estuaries.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 247: 1–28
Phillips GL, Eminson D and Moss B (1978) A mechanism to account for macrophytes decline in progressively eutrophicated
freshwaters. Aquat Bot 4: 103–126
Phillippart CJM (1995) Effect of periphyton grazing by Hydrobia
ulvae on the growth of Zostera noltii on a tidal flat in the Dutch
Wadden Sea. Mar Biol 122: 431–437
Reusch TBH and Williams SL (1998) Variable responses of native eelgrass Zostera marina to a non-indigenous bivalve Musculista senhousia. Oecologia 113: 428–442
Reusch TBH, Chapman ARO and Gr¨ oger JP (1994) Blue mussels
Mytilus edulis do not interfere with eelgrass Zostera marina
but fertilize shoot growth through biodeposition. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 108: 265–282
Robertson AI and Mann KH (1982) Population dynamics and life
history adaptations of Littorina neglecta (Bean) in an eelgrass
meadow (Zostera marina) in Nova Scotia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
63: 151–171
Ryer CH (1988) Pipefish foraging: Effects of fish size, prey size
and altered habitat complexity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 48: 37–45
Shepherd SA, McComb AJ, Bulthuis DA, Neverauskas V, Steffensen DA and West DA (1989) Decline of seagrasses. In:
Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology
of Seagrasses, pp 346–393. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Short FT, Burdick DM and Kaldy JE III (1995) Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,
Zostera marina. Limnol Oceanogr 40: 740–749
Spitzer P, Mattila J and Heck KL Jr (2000) The effects of vegetation density on the relative growth rates, diet, and foraging
behavior of pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides (L.), in Big Lagoon,
Florida. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 244: 67–86
Stachowicz JJ and Hay ME (2000) Geographic variation in camouflage specialization by a decorator crab. Am Nat 156: 59–71
Stanley SM (1970) Relation of shell form to life habits in the
Bivalvia (Mollusca). Geological Soc Am Mem 125: 296
Stoner A (1982) The influence of benthic macrophytes on the foraging behavior of pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) (Linnaeus).
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 58: 271–284
Stunz GW, Minello TJ and Lenin PS (2002) Growth of newly settled red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in different estuarine habitat
types. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 238: 227–236
Tomasko DA, Dawes CJ and Hall MO (1996) The effects of
anthropogenic nutrient enrichment on turtlegrass (Thalassia
testudinum) in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Estuaries 19: 448–456
Valentine JF and Heck KL Jr (2005) Interaction strength at the
coral-reef seagrass interface: Has overfishing diminished the
importance of seagrass production for coral reef food webs?
Coral Reefs 24: 209–213
549
Main KL (1987) Predator avoidance in seagrass meadows: Prey
behavior, microhabitat selection, and cryptic coloration. Ecology 68: 170–180
Mattila J and Heck KL Jr (in review) Does increased habitat
structure provide increased refuge from predation?
Menge BA and Lubchenko J (1981) Community organization in
temperate and tropical rocky intertidal habitats: Prey refuges
in relation to consumer pressure gradients. Ecol Monogr 51:
429–450
Micheli F and Peterson CH (1999) Estuarine vegetated habitats
as corridors for predator movements. Conserv Biol 13: 869–
881
Nakaoka M (2000) Nonlethal effects of predators on prey populations: Predator-mediated change in bivalve growth. Ecology
81: 1031–1045
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) (2000) Clean Coastal
Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient
Pollution. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy
Press, Washington, DC
Neckles HA, Wetzel RL and Orth RJ (1993) Relative effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphytonmacrophyte (Zostera marina) dynamics. Oecologia 93: 285–
295
Nelson WG (1979) Experimental studies of selective predation
on amphipods: Consequences for amphipod distribution and
abundance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 38: 225–245
Nelson WG and Bonsdorff E (1990) Fish predation and habitat
complexity: Are complexity thresholds real? J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 141: 183–194
Neundorfer JV and Kemp WM (1993) Nitrogen versus phosphorus enrichment of brackish waters: Responses of the submersed plant Potamogeton perfoliatus and its associated algal
community. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 94: 71–82
Orth RJ (1992) A perspective on plant-animal interactions ins
seagrasses: Physical and biological determinants influencing
plant and animal abundance. In: John DM, Hawkins SJ and
Price JH (eds) Plant–Animal Interactions in the Marine Benthos. Systematics Association Special, Vol 46, pp 147–164.
Clarendon Press, Oxford
Orth RJ and Heck KL Jr. (1980) Structural components of eelgrass meadows in the lower Chesapeake Bay – fishes. Estuaries
3: 278–288
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 222:
51–53
Orth RJ and van Montfrans J (2002) Habitat quality and prey size
as determinants of survival in post-larval and early juvenile
instars of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 231: 205–213
Orth RJ, Heck KL Jr and van Montfrans J (1984) Faunal Communities in Seagrass beds: A review of the influence of plant
structure and prey characteristics on predator–prey relationships. Estuaries 7: 339–350
Peterson CH and Quammen ML (1982) Siphon nipping: Its importance to small fishes and its impact on growth of the bivalve
Protothaca staminea (Conrad). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 63: 249–
268
Peterson BJ and Heck KL Jr (2001) Positive interactions between
suspension-feeding bivalves and seagrass—a facultative mutualism. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 213: 143–155
Peterson CH and Lipcius RN (2003) Conceptual progress towards predicting quantitative ecosystem benefits of ecological
restorations. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 264: 297–307
Peterson BJ, Thompson KR, Cowan JH and Heck KL Jr (2001)
Comparison of predation pressure in temperate and subtropical seagrass habitats based on chronographic tethering. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 224: 77–85
Phelan BA, Goldberg R, Bejda AJ, Pereira J, Hagan S, Clark
P, Studholme AL, Calabrese A and Able KW (2000) Estuarine and habitat-related differences in growth rates of youngof-the-year winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)
and tautog (Tautoga onitis) in three northeastern US estuaries.
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 247: 1–28
Phillips GL, Eminson D and Moss B (1978) A mechanism to account for macrophytes decline in progressively eutrophicated
freshwaters. Aquat Bot 4: 103–126
Phillippart CJM (1995) Effect of periphyton grazing by Hydrobia
ulvae on the growth of Zostera noltii on a tidal flat in the Dutch
Wadden Sea. Mar Biol 122: 431–437
Reusch TBH and Williams SL (1998) Variable responses of native eelgrass Zostera marina to a non-indigenous bivalve Musculista senhousia. Oecologia 113: 428–442
Reusch TBH, Chapman ARO and Gr¨ oger JP (1994) Blue mussels
Mytilus edulis do not interfere with eelgrass Zostera marina
but fertilize shoot growth through biodeposition. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 108: 265–282
Robertson AI and Mann KH (1982) Population dynamics and life
history adaptations of Littorina neglecta (Bean) in an eelgrass
meadow (Zostera marina) in Nova Scotia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
63: 151–171
Ryer CH (1988) Pipefish foraging: Effects of fish size, prey size
and altered habitat complexity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 48: 37–45
Shepherd SA, McComb AJ, Bulthuis DA, Neverauskas V, Steffensen DA and West DA (1989) Decline of seagrasses. In:
Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology
of Seagrasses, pp 346–393. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Short FT, Burdick DM and Kaldy JE III (1995) Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,
Zostera marina. Limnol Oceanogr 40: 740–749
Spitzer P, Mattila J and Heck KL Jr (2000) The effects of vegetation density on the relative growth rates, diet, and foraging
behavior of pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides (L.), in Big Lagoon,
Florida. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 244: 67–86
Stachowicz JJ and Hay ME (2000) Geographic variation in camouflage specialization by a decorator crab. Am Nat 156: 59–71
Stanley SM (1970) Relation of shell form to life habits in the
Bivalvia (Mollusca). Geological Soc Am Mem 125: 296
Stoner A (1982) The influence of benthic macrophytes on the foraging behavior of pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) (Linnaeus).
J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 58: 271–284
Stunz GW, Minello TJ and Lenin PS (2002) Growth of newly settled red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in different estuarine habitat
types. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 238: 227–236
Tomasko DA, Dawes CJ and Hall MO (1996) The effects of
anthropogenic nutrient enrichment on turtlegrass (Thalassia
testudinum) in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Estuaries 19: 448–456
Valentine JF and Heck KL Jr (2005) Interaction strength at the
coral-reef seagrass interface: Has overfishing diminished the
importance of seagrass production for coral reef food webs?
Coral Reefs 24: 209–213