500
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
Sterner, RW And JJ Elser. 2002. Ecological Stoichiometry : The
Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press. 584 pages.
Stoner, AW 1980. The role of seagrass biomass in the organization of benthic macrofaunal assemblages. Bulletin of Marine
Science 30(3):537–551.
Strong, DR 1992. Are trophic cascades all wet? differentiation
and donor-control in specious ecosystems. Ecology 73:747–
757.
Strong, DR, JH Lawton and R Southwood. 1984. Insects on
plants: community patterns and mechanisms. Blackwell, Oxford.
Taylor, RB. 1998. Density, biomass and productivity of animals
in four subtidal rocky reef habitats: the importance of small
mobile invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 172:37–
51.
Tegner, MJ and PK Dayton. 1987. El Nino effects on southern
California kelp forest communities. Advances in Ecological
Research 17:243–279.
Terra, WR, A Valentin and CD Santos. 1987. Utilization of sugars, hemicellulose, starch, protein, fat, and minerals by Errinys
ello larvae and the digestive role of their midgut hydrolases.
Insect Biochemistry 17:1143–1147.
Thayer, GW, DW Engel and MW La Croix. 1977. Seasonal distribution and changes in the nutritive quality of living and detrital
fractions of Zostera marina L. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology 30:109–127.
Thayer, GW, KA Bjorndal, JC Ogden, SL Williams and JC Zieman. 1984. Role of larger herbivores in seagrass communities.
Estuaries 7:351–376.
Thom, RM and RG Albright. 1990. Dynamics of benthic vegetation standing-stock, irradiance, and water properties in central
Puget Sound. Marine Biology 104:129–141.
Thompson, JM. 1959. Some aspects of the ecology of Lake Macquarie, NSW, with regard to an alleged depletion of fish. IX.
The fishes and their food. Australian Journal of Marine Freshwater Research 10:365–374.
Tibbetts, IR. 1997. The distribution and function of mucous cells
and their secretions in the alimentary tract of Arrhamphus
sclerolepis Krefftii. 50:809–820.
Tomlinson, PB and GA Vargo. 1966. On the morphology and
anatomy of the turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) I. Vegetative morphology. Bulletin of Marine Science
16:748–761.
Tribble, GW. 1981. Reef-based herbivores and the distribution
of two seagrasses (Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum) in the San Blas Islands (Western Caribbean). Marine
Biology 65:277–281.
Tubbs, CR and JM Tubbs. 1983. The distribution of Zostera and
its exploitation by wildfowl in the Solent, Southern England.
Aquatic Botany 15:223–239.
Vadas, RL, T Fenchel and JC Ogden. 1982. Ecological studies
on the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus and the algal-seagrass
communities of the Miskito Cays, Nicaragua. Aquatic Botany
14:139–150.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 1991. The role of sea urchin
herbivory in regulating subtropical seagrass meadows: Evidence from field manipulations in the northern Gulf of
Mexico. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
154:215–230.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 1993. Mussels in seagrass meadows: their influence on macroinvertebrate abundance, and production and macrophyte biomass in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96:63–74.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 1999. Seagrass herbivory: evidence for the continued grazing of marine grasses. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 176:291–302.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 2001. The role of leaf nitrogen content in determining turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum)
grazing by a generalist herbivore in the northeastern Gulf of
Mexico. Journal of Experiment Marine Biology and Ecology
258:65–86.
Valentine, JF, KL Heck, Jr., J Busby and D Webb. 1997. Experimental evidence that herbivory can increase shoot density
in a subtropical turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadow
Oecologia 112:193–200.
Valentine, JF, KL Heck, Jr., KD Kirsch and D Webb. 2000. Seagrass herbivory in the turtlegrass habitats of the Florida Keys.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 200:213–228.
Valentine, JF, E Blythe, S Madhavan, and TD Sherman. 2004. Effects of simulated herbivory on nitrogen enzyme levels, assimilation and allocation in Thalassia testudinum. Aquatic Botany
79:235–255.
Valiela, I 1995. Marine Ecological Processes, 2nd Edition.
Springer Verlag.
Valiela, I, J McClelland, J Hauxwell, PJ Behr, D Hersh and K
Foreman. 1997. Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: Controls and ecophysiological and ecosystem consequences. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1105–1118.
van Montfrans, J, R Wetzel and RJ Orth. 1984. Epiphyte-grazer
relationships in seagrass meadows: consequences for seagrass
growth and production. Estuaries 7:289–309.
Vanni, MJ. 1987a. Effects of food availability and fish predation
on a zooplankton community. Ecological Monograph 57:61–
88.
Vanni, MJ. 1987b. Effects of nutrients and zooplankton size on
the structure of a phytoplankton community. Ecology 68:624–
635.
Verlaque, M and H Nedelec. 1983. Note preliminaire sur les
relations biotiques Paracentrotus lividus (LMK.) et herbier de
posidonies. Rapp Comm int Mer Me ditt 28:157–158.
Vicente, VP and JA Rivera. 1982. Depth limits of the seagrass
Thalassia testudinum (K¨ onig) in Jobos and Guayanilla Bays,
Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 17:73–79.
Virnstein, RW 1978. Predator caging experiments in soft sediments: caution advised, p. 261–273, In: ML Wiley (ed.), Estuarine Interactions. Academic Press, New York.
Wetzel, RL and HA Neckles. 1986. A model of Zostera marina L. photosynthesis and growth: simulated effects of selected physical-chemical variables and biological interactions.
Aquatic Botany 26:307–323.
Wilkins, WE. 1982. Waterfowl utilization of a submerged vegetation (Zostera marina and Ruppia maritima) bed in the lower
Chesapeake Bay. M.Sc. Thesis. College of William and Mary,
Williamsburg.
Williams, SL. 1988. Thalassia testudinum productivity and grazing by green turtles in a highly disturbed seagrass bed. Marine
Biology 98:447–455.
Williams, SL and RC Carpenter. 1988. Nitrogen-limited primary
productivity of coral reef algal turfs: potential contribution of
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
Sterner, RW And JJ Elser. 2002. Ecological Stoichiometry : The
Biology of Elements from Molecules to the Biosphere. Princeton University Press. 584 pages.
Stoner, AW 1980. The role of seagrass biomass in the organization of benthic macrofaunal assemblages. Bulletin of Marine
Science 30(3):537–551.
Strong, DR 1992. Are trophic cascades all wet? differentiation
and donor-control in specious ecosystems. Ecology 73:747–
757.
Strong, DR, JH Lawton and R Southwood. 1984. Insects on
plants: community patterns and mechanisms. Blackwell, Oxford.
Taylor, RB. 1998. Density, biomass and productivity of animals
in four subtidal rocky reef habitats: the importance of small
mobile invertebrates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 172:37–
51.
Tegner, MJ and PK Dayton. 1987. El Nino effects on southern
California kelp forest communities. Advances in Ecological
Research 17:243–279.
Terra, WR, A Valentin and CD Santos. 1987. Utilization of sugars, hemicellulose, starch, protein, fat, and minerals by Errinys
ello larvae and the digestive role of their midgut hydrolases.
Insect Biochemistry 17:1143–1147.
Thayer, GW, DW Engel and MW La Croix. 1977. Seasonal distribution and changes in the nutritive quality of living and detrital
fractions of Zostera marina L. Journal of Experimental Marine
Biology and Ecology 30:109–127.
Thayer, GW, KA Bjorndal, JC Ogden, SL Williams and JC Zieman. 1984. Role of larger herbivores in seagrass communities.
Estuaries 7:351–376.
Thom, RM and RG Albright. 1990. Dynamics of benthic vegetation standing-stock, irradiance, and water properties in central
Puget Sound. Marine Biology 104:129–141.
Thompson, JM. 1959. Some aspects of the ecology of Lake Macquarie, NSW, with regard to an alleged depletion of fish. IX.
The fishes and their food. Australian Journal of Marine Freshwater Research 10:365–374.
Tibbetts, IR. 1997. The distribution and function of mucous cells
and their secretions in the alimentary tract of Arrhamphus
sclerolepis Krefftii. 50:809–820.
Tomlinson, PB and GA Vargo. 1966. On the morphology and
anatomy of the turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) I. Vegetative morphology. Bulletin of Marine Science
16:748–761.
Tribble, GW. 1981. Reef-based herbivores and the distribution
of two seagrasses (Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum) in the San Blas Islands (Western Caribbean). Marine
Biology 65:277–281.
Tubbs, CR and JM Tubbs. 1983. The distribution of Zostera and
its exploitation by wildfowl in the Solent, Southern England.
Aquatic Botany 15:223–239.
Vadas, RL, T Fenchel and JC Ogden. 1982. Ecological studies
on the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus and the algal-seagrass
communities of the Miskito Cays, Nicaragua. Aquatic Botany
14:139–150.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 1991. The role of sea urchin
herbivory in regulating subtropical seagrass meadows: Evidence from field manipulations in the northern Gulf of
Mexico. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
154:215–230.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 1993. Mussels in seagrass meadows: their influence on macroinvertebrate abundance, and production and macrophyte biomass in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96:63–74.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 1999. Seagrass herbivory: evidence for the continued grazing of marine grasses. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 176:291–302.
Valentine, JF and KL Heck, Jr. 2001. The role of leaf nitrogen content in determining turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum)
grazing by a generalist herbivore in the northeastern Gulf of
Mexico. Journal of Experiment Marine Biology and Ecology
258:65–86.
Valentine, JF, KL Heck, Jr., J Busby and D Webb. 1997. Experimental evidence that herbivory can increase shoot density
in a subtropical turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) meadow
Oecologia 112:193–200.
Valentine, JF, KL Heck, Jr., KD Kirsch and D Webb. 2000. Seagrass herbivory in the turtlegrass habitats of the Florida Keys.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 200:213–228.
Valentine, JF, E Blythe, S Madhavan, and TD Sherman. 2004. Effects of simulated herbivory on nitrogen enzyme levels, assimilation and allocation in Thalassia testudinum. Aquatic Botany
79:235–255.
Valiela, I 1995. Marine Ecological Processes, 2nd Edition.
Springer Verlag.
Valiela, I, J McClelland, J Hauxwell, PJ Behr, D Hersh and K
Foreman. 1997. Macroalgal blooms in shallow estuaries: Controls and ecophysiological and ecosystem consequences. Limnology and Oceanography 42:1105–1118.
van Montfrans, J, R Wetzel and RJ Orth. 1984. Epiphyte-grazer
relationships in seagrass meadows: consequences for seagrass
growth and production. Estuaries 7:289–309.
Vanni, MJ. 1987a. Effects of food availability and fish predation
on a zooplankton community. Ecological Monograph 57:61–
88.
Vanni, MJ. 1987b. Effects of nutrients and zooplankton size on
the structure of a phytoplankton community. Ecology 68:624–
635.
Verlaque, M and H Nedelec. 1983. Note preliminaire sur les
relations biotiques Paracentrotus lividus (LMK.) et herbier de
posidonies. Rapp Comm int Mer Me ditt 28:157–158.
Vicente, VP and JA Rivera. 1982. Depth limits of the seagrass
Thalassia testudinum (K¨ onig) in Jobos and Guayanilla Bays,
Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 17:73–79.
Virnstein, RW 1978. Predator caging experiments in soft sediments: caution advised, p. 261–273, In: ML Wiley (ed.), Estuarine Interactions. Academic Press, New York.
Wetzel, RL and HA Neckles. 1986. A model of Zostera marina L. photosynthesis and growth: simulated effects of selected physical-chemical variables and biological interactions.
Aquatic Botany 26:307–323.
Wilkins, WE. 1982. Waterfowl utilization of a submerged vegetation (Zostera marina and Ruppia maritima) bed in the lower
Chesapeake Bay. M.Sc. Thesis. College of William and Mary,
Williamsburg.
Williams, SL. 1988. Thalassia testudinum productivity and grazing by green turtles in a highly disturbed seagrass bed. Marine
Biology 98:447–455.
Williams, SL and RC Carpenter. 1988. Nitrogen-limited primary
productivity of coral reef algal turfs: potential contribution of