Chapter 20 Grazing in Seagrass Ecosystems
499
and natural enemies. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 11:41–65.
Provancha, J and CR Hall. 1991. Observations of associations
between seagrass beds and manatees in east central Florida.
Florida Sciences 54:87–98.
Randall, JE. 1965. Grazing effect on sea grasses by herbivorous
reef fishes in the West Indies. Ecology 46:255–260.
Randall, JE. 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies.
Studies in Tropical Oceanography 5:665–847.
Raupp, MJ, RF Denno. 1983. Leaf age as a predictor of herbivore
distribution and abundance, p. 91–124, In: RF Denno and MS
McClure (eds.), Variable plants and herbivores in natural and
managed systems. Academic Press, New York.
Rausher, MD. 1981. Host plant selection by Battus philenor butterflies: the roles of predation, nutrition, and plant chemistry.
Ecological Monograph 51:1–20.
Rice, DL. 1982. The detritus nitrogen problem: new observations
and perspectives from organic geochemistry. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 9:153–162.
Robertson, AI and KH Mann. 1982. Population dynamics and
life history adaptations of Littorina neglecta Bean in an eelgrass meadow (Zostera marina L.) in Nova Scotia. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 63:151–171.
Robertson, AI and DW Klumpp. 1983. The southern sea-garfish
Hyporamphus melanochir: a diurnal herbivore and nocturnal
carnivore. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10:207–213.
Rose, CD, WS Sharp, WJ Kenworthy, JH Hunt, WG Lyons,
EJ Prager, JF Valentine, MO Hall, P Whitfield and JW
Fourqurean. 1999. Overgrazing of a large seagrass bed by the
sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus in outer Florida Bay. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 190:211–222.
Rosemond, AD, PJ Mulholland and JW Elwood. 1993. Top-down
and bottom-up control of stream periphyton: effects of nutrients and herbivores. Ecology 74:1264–1280.
Ruiz, JM, M Perez and J Romero. 2001. Effects of fish farm
loading on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) distribution, growth,
and photosynthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:749–760.
Russ, GR 1984. Distribution and abundance of herbivorous grazing fishes in the central Great Barrier Reef. I. Levels of variability across the entire continental shelf. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 20:23–34.
Russ, GR and J St. John. 1988. Diets, growth rates and secondary
production of herbivorous coral reef fishes, p. 37–43, In: J. H.
Choat, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6
th International Coral
Reef Symposium., Vol. 2. Townsville.
Russell-Hunter, WD. 1970. Aquatic productivity: an introduction to some basic aspects of biological oceanography and
limnology. London, The Macmillan Company.
Sand-Jensen, KD, Jacobsen and CM Duarte. 1994. Herbivory
and resulting plant damage. Oikos 69:545–549
Schanz, A, P Polte and H Asmus. 2002. Cascading effects of
hydrodynamics on an epiphyte-grazer system in intertidal seagrass beds of the Wadden Sea. Marine Biology 141:287–297.
Schmitz, OJ, PA Hambaeck and AP Beckerman. 2000. Trophic
cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of
carnivore removals on plants. American Naturalist 155:141–
153.
Schindler, DW. 1998. Replication versus realism: the need for
ecosystem-scale experiments. Ecosystems 1:323–324.
Schroeder, LA. 1986. Changes in tree leaf quality and growth
performance of lepidoptera larvae. Ecology 67:628–1636.
Scriber, JM and PP Feeny. 1977. Stabilization of the rate of nitrogen accumulation by the larvae of the cabbage butterfly
on wild and cultivated food plants. Ecological Monograph
47:209–228.
Seagle, SW, SJ McNaughton, and RW Ruess. 1992. Simulated
effects of grazing on soil nitrogen and mineralization in contrasting Serengeti grasslands. Ecology 73:1105–1123.
Short, FT 1987. Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses:
literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquatic Botany
27:41–57.
Short, FT and S Wyllie-Echeverria. 1996. Natural and humaninduced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation 23:17–27.
Short, FT, DM Burdick and JE Kaldy. 1995. Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,
Zostera marina. Limnology and Oceanography. 40:740–749.
Short, FT, J Montgomery, CF Zimmerman and CA Short. 1993.
Production and nutrient dynamics of a Syringodium filiforme
Kutz seagrass bed in Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Estuaries
16:323–334.
Shurin, JB., ET Borer, EW Seabloom, K Anderson, CA
Blanchette, B Broitman, SD Cooper and S Halpern. 2002.
A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecological Letters 5:785–791.
Silliman, BR and MD Bertness. 2002. A trophic cascade regulates salt marsh primary production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99:10500–10505.
Silliman, BR and A Bortolus. 2003. Underestimation of
Spartina productivity in western Atlantic marshes: marsh
invertebrates eat more than just detritus. Oikos. 101:549–
554.
Simpson, SJ and CL Simpson. 1990. The mechanisms of nutritional compensation by phytophagous insects, p. 111–160, In:
EA Bernays (ed.), Insect-plant interactions, Vol. 2. CRC, Boca
Raton, Florida.
Slansky, FJ 1993. Nutritional ecology: the fundamental quest for
nutrients, p. 29–91, In: NE Stamp and TM Casey (eds.), Caterpillars: Ecological and evolutionary constraints on foraging.
Chapman Hall, New York.
Slansky, FJ and PP Feeny. 1977. Stabilization of the rate of nitrogen accumulation by larvae of the cabbage butterfly on wild
and cultivated food plants. Ecological Monograph 47:209–
228.
Slansky, FJ and JM Scriber. 1985. Food consumption and utilization, p. 87–163, In: GA Kerfut and LI Gilbert (eds.), Comparative insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology.
Pergamon, New York.
Spain, AV and GE Heinsohn. 1973. Cyclone associated feeding changes in the dugong (Mammalia: Sirenia). Mammalia
37:678–680.
Springer, VG and AJ McErlean. 1962. Seasonality of fishes on a
South Florida shore. Bulletin of Marine Science 12:39–60.
Stachowicz, JJ, RB Whitlatch and RW Osman. 1999. Species diversity and invasion resistance in a marine ecosystem. Science
286:1577–1579.
Stachowicz, JJ, H Fried, RW Osman and RB Whitlatch. 2002.
Biodiversity, invasion resistance, and marine ecosystem function: reconciling pattern and process. Ecology 83:2575–2590.
Steneck, RS and MN Dethier. 1994. A functional group approach to the structure of algal-dominated communities. Oikos
69:476–498.
499
and natural enemies. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 11:41–65.
Provancha, J and CR Hall. 1991. Observations of associations
between seagrass beds and manatees in east central Florida.
Florida Sciences 54:87–98.
Randall, JE. 1965. Grazing effect on sea grasses by herbivorous
reef fishes in the West Indies. Ecology 46:255–260.
Randall, JE. 1967. Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies.
Studies in Tropical Oceanography 5:665–847.
Raupp, MJ, RF Denno. 1983. Leaf age as a predictor of herbivore
distribution and abundance, p. 91–124, In: RF Denno and MS
McClure (eds.), Variable plants and herbivores in natural and
managed systems. Academic Press, New York.
Rausher, MD. 1981. Host plant selection by Battus philenor butterflies: the roles of predation, nutrition, and plant chemistry.
Ecological Monograph 51:1–20.
Rice, DL. 1982. The detritus nitrogen problem: new observations
and perspectives from organic geochemistry. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 9:153–162.
Robertson, AI and KH Mann. 1982. Population dynamics and
life history adaptations of Littorina neglecta Bean in an eelgrass meadow (Zostera marina L.) in Nova Scotia. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 63:151–171.
Robertson, AI and DW Klumpp. 1983. The southern sea-garfish
Hyporamphus melanochir: a diurnal herbivore and nocturnal
carnivore. Marine Ecology Progress Series 10:207–213.
Rose, CD, WS Sharp, WJ Kenworthy, JH Hunt, WG Lyons,
EJ Prager, JF Valentine, MO Hall, P Whitfield and JW
Fourqurean. 1999. Overgrazing of a large seagrass bed by the
sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus in outer Florida Bay. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 190:211–222.
Rosemond, AD, PJ Mulholland and JW Elwood. 1993. Top-down
and bottom-up control of stream periphyton: effects of nutrients and herbivores. Ecology 74:1264–1280.
Ruiz, JM, M Perez and J Romero. 2001. Effects of fish farm
loading on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) distribution, growth,
and photosynthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42:749–760.
Russ, GR 1984. Distribution and abundance of herbivorous grazing fishes in the central Great Barrier Reef. I. Levels of variability across the entire continental shelf. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 20:23–34.
Russ, GR and J St. John. 1988. Diets, growth rates and secondary
production of herbivorous coral reef fishes, p. 37–43, In: J. H.
Choat, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6
th International Coral
Reef Symposium., Vol. 2. Townsville.
Russell-Hunter, WD. 1970. Aquatic productivity: an introduction to some basic aspects of biological oceanography and
limnology. London, The Macmillan Company.
Sand-Jensen, KD, Jacobsen and CM Duarte. 1994. Herbivory
and resulting plant damage. Oikos 69:545–549
Schanz, A, P Polte and H Asmus. 2002. Cascading effects of
hydrodynamics on an epiphyte-grazer system in intertidal seagrass beds of the Wadden Sea. Marine Biology 141:287–297.
Schmitz, OJ, PA Hambaeck and AP Beckerman. 2000. Trophic
cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of
carnivore removals on plants. American Naturalist 155:141–
153.
Schindler, DW. 1998. Replication versus realism: the need for
ecosystem-scale experiments. Ecosystems 1:323–324.
Schroeder, LA. 1986. Changes in tree leaf quality and growth
performance of lepidoptera larvae. Ecology 67:628–1636.
Scriber, JM and PP Feeny. 1977. Stabilization of the rate of nitrogen accumulation by the larvae of the cabbage butterfly
on wild and cultivated food plants. Ecological Monograph
47:209–228.
Seagle, SW, SJ McNaughton, and RW Ruess. 1992. Simulated
effects of grazing on soil nitrogen and mineralization in contrasting Serengeti grasslands. Ecology 73:1105–1123.
Short, FT 1987. Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses:
literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquatic Botany
27:41–57.
Short, FT and S Wyllie-Echeverria. 1996. Natural and humaninduced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation 23:17–27.
Short, FT, DM Burdick and JE Kaldy. 1995. Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,
Zostera marina. Limnology and Oceanography. 40:740–749.
Short, FT, J Montgomery, CF Zimmerman and CA Short. 1993.
Production and nutrient dynamics of a Syringodium filiforme
Kutz seagrass bed in Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Estuaries
16:323–334.
Shurin, JB., ET Borer, EW Seabloom, K Anderson, CA
Blanchette, B Broitman, SD Cooper and S Halpern. 2002.
A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades. Ecological Letters 5:785–791.
Silliman, BR and MD Bertness. 2002. A trophic cascade regulates salt marsh primary production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99:10500–10505.
Silliman, BR and A Bortolus. 2003. Underestimation of
Spartina productivity in western Atlantic marshes: marsh
invertebrates eat more than just detritus. Oikos. 101:549–
554.
Simpson, SJ and CL Simpson. 1990. The mechanisms of nutritional compensation by phytophagous insects, p. 111–160, In:
EA Bernays (ed.), Insect-plant interactions, Vol. 2. CRC, Boca
Raton, Florida.
Slansky, FJ 1993. Nutritional ecology: the fundamental quest for
nutrients, p. 29–91, In: NE Stamp and TM Casey (eds.), Caterpillars: Ecological and evolutionary constraints on foraging.
Chapman Hall, New York.
Slansky, FJ and PP Feeny. 1977. Stabilization of the rate of nitrogen accumulation by larvae of the cabbage butterfly on wild
and cultivated food plants. Ecological Monograph 47:209–
228.
Slansky, FJ and JM Scriber. 1985. Food consumption and utilization, p. 87–163, In: GA Kerfut and LI Gilbert (eds.), Comparative insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology.
Pergamon, New York.
Spain, AV and GE Heinsohn. 1973. Cyclone associated feeding changes in the dugong (Mammalia: Sirenia). Mammalia
37:678–680.
Springer, VG and AJ McErlean. 1962. Seasonality of fishes on a
South Florida shore. Bulletin of Marine Science 12:39–60.
Stachowicz, JJ, RB Whitlatch and RW Osman. 1999. Species diversity and invasion resistance in a marine ecosystem. Science
286:1577–1579.
Stachowicz, JJ, H Fried, RW Osman and RB Whitlatch. 2002.
Biodiversity, invasion resistance, and marine ecosystem function: reconciling pattern and process. Ecology 83:2575–2590.
Steneck, RS and MN Dethier. 1994. A functional group approach to the structure of algal-dominated communities. Oikos
69:476–498.