498
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
Nelson, WG. 1979. An analysis of structural pattern in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) amphipod community. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 39:231–264.
Nelson, WG. 1981. Experimental studies of decapod and fish predation on seagrass macrobenthos. Marine Ecology Progress
Series 5:141–149.
Nichols P, DW Klumpp and RB Johns. 1985. A study of food
chains in seagrass communities. 3. Stable carbon isotope
ratios. Australian Journal of Marine Freshwater Research
36:683–690.
Nichols, PD, DW Klumpp and RB Johns. 1986. Lipid components and utilization in consumers of a seagrass community:
an indication of carbon source. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology B83:103–110.
Nienhaus, PH and AM Groenendijk. 1986. Consumption of eelgrass (Zostera marina) by birds and invertebrates: an annual
budget. Marine Ecology Progress Series 29:29–35.
Nienhaus, PH and ET Van Ierland. 1978. Consumption of eelgrass, Zostera marina, by birds and invertebrates during
the growing season in Lake Grevekingen (SW Netherlands).
Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 12:180–194.
Nietschmann, B 1990. Conservation by conflict in Nicaragua.
Natural History 99:42–49.
Nietschmann, B and J Nietschmann. 1981. Good dugong, bad
dugong and bad turtle, good turtle. Natural History 90:54–63.
Nishiwaki, M and H Marsh. 1985. The dugong. pp. 1–31,
In: SH Ridgeway and RJ Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of
marine mammals, Vol. 3. Academic Press, London.
Nojima, S and H Mukai. 1990. Feeding habits of fishes associated
with a tropical seagrass bed of Papua New Guinea. Publications Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory 10:175–186.
Nybakken, JW 2000. Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 496 pp.
Ogden, JC 1976. Some aspects of herbivore-plant relations in
Caribbean reefs and seagrass beds. Aquatic Botany 2:103–
116.
Ogden, JC 1980. Faunal relationships in Caribbean seagrass
beds, p. 173–198, In: RC Phillips and CP McRoy (eds.), Handbook of seagrass biology. An Ecosystem Perspective. Garland
STPM Press, New York.
Ogden, JC and NB Ogden. 1982. A preliminary study of two representative seagrass communities in Palau, Western Caroline
Islands (Micronesia). Aquatic Botany 12:229–244.
Ogden, JC and JC Zieman. 1977. Ecological aspects of coral
reef-seagrass bed contacts in the Caribbean. Proceedings of
the 3
rd International Coral Reef Symposium 1:377–382.
Ogden, JC, R Brown and N Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: formation of halos around
West Indian patch reefs. Science 182:715–717.
Ogden, JC, L Robinson, K Whitlock, H Daganhardt and R Cebula. 1983. Diel foraging patterns in juvenile green turtles
(Chelonia mydas L.) in St. Croix United States Virgin Islands.
Journal of Experimental and Marine Biology 66:199–205.
´
Olafsson, EB, CH Peterson and W G Ambrose, Jr. 1994. Does
recruitment limitation structure populations and communities
of macro-invertebrates in marine soft sediments: the relative
significance of pre- and post-settlement processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 32:65–109.
Onuf, CP, JM Teal and I Valiela. 1977. Interactions between nutrients, plant growth, and herbivory in a mangrove ecosystem.
Ecology 58:514–526.
Orth, RJ, KL Heck Jr. and J van Montfrans. 1984. Faunal communities in seagrass beds: a review of the influence of plant
structure and prey characteristics on predator-prey relationships. Estuaries 7:339–350.
Orth, RJ and J van Montfrans. 1984. Epiphyte-seagrass relationships with an emphasis on the role of micrograzing: a review.
Aquatic Botany 18:43–69.
Paine, RT 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength
and community infrastructure. Journal of Animal Ecology
49:667–685.
Paine, RT. 1994. Marine Rocky Shores and Community Ecology:
An experimentalist’s perspective Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/
Luhe, Germany.
Patriquin, DG 1972. The origin of nitrogen and phosphorus for
growth of the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum. Marine Biology 15:35–46.
Patriquin, DG 1975. “Migration” of blowouts in seagrass beds at
Barbados and Carriacou, West Indies, and its ecological and
geological implications. Aquatic Botany 1:163–189.
Pauly, D and J Maclean. 2003. In a perfect ocean. The state of
fisheries and ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean. Island
Press, Washington, D.C.
Persson, L 1999. Trophic cascades: abiding heterogeneity and the
trophic level concept at the end of the road. Oikos 85:385–397.
Philippart, CJM. 1995. Effect of periphyton grazing by Hydrobia
ulvae on the growth of Zostera noltii on a tidal flat in the Dutch
Wadden Sea. Marine Biology 122:431–437.
Pillans, RD, CE Franklin, and IR Tibbetts. 2004. Food choice in
Siganus fuscescens: influence of macrophytes nutrient content
and availability. Journal of Fish Biology. 64: 297–309
Pinto L and N Punchihewa. 1996. Utilization of mangroves and
seagrasses by fishes in the Negombo Estuary, Sri Lanka. Marine Biology 126:333–345.
Polis, GA 1999. Why are parts of the world green? Multiple
factors control productivity and the distribution of biomass.
Oikos, 86:3–15.
Polis, GA and DR Strong. 1996. Food web complexity and community dynamics. American Naturalist 147:813–846.
Polunin, NVC. 1996. Trophodynamics of reef fisheries productivity, p. 113–135, In: NVC. Polunin and CM Roberts (eds.),
Reef fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London.
Porter, KG. 1973. Selective grazing and differential digestion by
zooplankton. Nature 224:179–180.
Porter, KG. 1977. The plant-animal interface in freshwater
ecosystems. American Naturalist 65:159–170.
Portig, AA, RG Mathers, WI Montgomery and RN Govier.
1994. The distribution and utilization of Zostera species in
Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Aquatic Botany 47:317–
328.
Powell, GVN, WJ Kenworthy and JW Fourqurean. 1989. Experimental evidence of nutrient limitation of seagrass growth in a
tropical estuary with restricted circulation. Bulletin of Marine
Science 44:324–340.
Power, ME. 1992. Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs:
do plants have primacy? Ecology 73:733–746.
Preen A. 1995. Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: observational and experimental evidence for cultivation
grazing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:201–213.
Price, PW, CE Bouton, P Gross, BA McPheron, JN Thompson
and AE Weis. 1980. Interactions among three tropic levels:
influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
Nelson, WG. 1979. An analysis of structural pattern in an eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) amphipod community. Journal of
Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 39:231–264.
Nelson, WG. 1981. Experimental studies of decapod and fish predation on seagrass macrobenthos. Marine Ecology Progress
Series 5:141–149.
Nichols P, DW Klumpp and RB Johns. 1985. A study of food
chains in seagrass communities. 3. Stable carbon isotope
ratios. Australian Journal of Marine Freshwater Research
36:683–690.
Nichols, PD, DW Klumpp and RB Johns. 1986. Lipid components and utilization in consumers of a seagrass community:
an indication of carbon source. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology B83:103–110.
Nienhaus, PH and AM Groenendijk. 1986. Consumption of eelgrass (Zostera marina) by birds and invertebrates: an annual
budget. Marine Ecology Progress Series 29:29–35.
Nienhaus, PH and ET Van Ierland. 1978. Consumption of eelgrass, Zostera marina, by birds and invertebrates during
the growing season in Lake Grevekingen (SW Netherlands).
Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 12:180–194.
Nietschmann, B 1990. Conservation by conflict in Nicaragua.
Natural History 99:42–49.
Nietschmann, B and J Nietschmann. 1981. Good dugong, bad
dugong and bad turtle, good turtle. Natural History 90:54–63.
Nishiwaki, M and H Marsh. 1985. The dugong. pp. 1–31,
In: SH Ridgeway and RJ Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of
marine mammals, Vol. 3. Academic Press, London.
Nojima, S and H Mukai. 1990. Feeding habits of fishes associated
with a tropical seagrass bed of Papua New Guinea. Publications Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory 10:175–186.
Nybakken, JW 2000. Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 496 pp.
Ogden, JC 1976. Some aspects of herbivore-plant relations in
Caribbean reefs and seagrass beds. Aquatic Botany 2:103–
116.
Ogden, JC 1980. Faunal relationships in Caribbean seagrass
beds, p. 173–198, In: RC Phillips and CP McRoy (eds.), Handbook of seagrass biology. An Ecosystem Perspective. Garland
STPM Press, New York.
Ogden, JC and NB Ogden. 1982. A preliminary study of two representative seagrass communities in Palau, Western Caroline
Islands (Micronesia). Aquatic Botany 12:229–244.
Ogden, JC and JC Zieman. 1977. Ecological aspects of coral
reef-seagrass bed contacts in the Caribbean. Proceedings of
the 3
rd International Coral Reef Symposium 1:377–382.
Ogden, JC, R Brown and N Salesky. 1973. Grazing by the echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: formation of halos around
West Indian patch reefs. Science 182:715–717.
Ogden, JC, L Robinson, K Whitlock, H Daganhardt and R Cebula. 1983. Diel foraging patterns in juvenile green turtles
(Chelonia mydas L.) in St. Croix United States Virgin Islands.
Journal of Experimental and Marine Biology 66:199–205.
´
Olafsson, EB, CH Peterson and W G Ambrose, Jr. 1994. Does
recruitment limitation structure populations and communities
of macro-invertebrates in marine soft sediments: the relative
significance of pre- and post-settlement processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 32:65–109.
Onuf, CP, JM Teal and I Valiela. 1977. Interactions between nutrients, plant growth, and herbivory in a mangrove ecosystem.
Ecology 58:514–526.
Orth, RJ, KL Heck Jr. and J van Montfrans. 1984. Faunal communities in seagrass beds: a review of the influence of plant
structure and prey characteristics on predator-prey relationships. Estuaries 7:339–350.
Orth, RJ and J van Montfrans. 1984. Epiphyte-seagrass relationships with an emphasis on the role of micrograzing: a review.
Aquatic Botany 18:43–69.
Paine, RT 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength
and community infrastructure. Journal of Animal Ecology
49:667–685.
Paine, RT. 1994. Marine Rocky Shores and Community Ecology:
An experimentalist’s perspective Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/
Luhe, Germany.
Patriquin, DG 1972. The origin of nitrogen and phosphorus for
growth of the marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum. Marine Biology 15:35–46.
Patriquin, DG 1975. “Migration” of blowouts in seagrass beds at
Barbados and Carriacou, West Indies, and its ecological and
geological implications. Aquatic Botany 1:163–189.
Pauly, D and J Maclean. 2003. In a perfect ocean. The state of
fisheries and ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean. Island
Press, Washington, D.C.
Persson, L 1999. Trophic cascades: abiding heterogeneity and the
trophic level concept at the end of the road. Oikos 85:385–397.
Philippart, CJM. 1995. Effect of periphyton grazing by Hydrobia
ulvae on the growth of Zostera noltii on a tidal flat in the Dutch
Wadden Sea. Marine Biology 122:431–437.
Pillans, RD, CE Franklin, and IR Tibbetts. 2004. Food choice in
Siganus fuscescens: influence of macrophytes nutrient content
and availability. Journal of Fish Biology. 64: 297–309
Pinto L and N Punchihewa. 1996. Utilization of mangroves and
seagrasses by fishes in the Negombo Estuary, Sri Lanka. Marine Biology 126:333–345.
Polis, GA 1999. Why are parts of the world green? Multiple
factors control productivity and the distribution of biomass.
Oikos, 86:3–15.
Polis, GA and DR Strong. 1996. Food web complexity and community dynamics. American Naturalist 147:813–846.
Polunin, NVC. 1996. Trophodynamics of reef fisheries productivity, p. 113–135, In: NVC. Polunin and CM Roberts (eds.),
Reef fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London.
Porter, KG. 1973. Selective grazing and differential digestion by
zooplankton. Nature 224:179–180.
Porter, KG. 1977. The plant-animal interface in freshwater
ecosystems. American Naturalist 65:159–170.
Portig, AA, RG Mathers, WI Montgomery and RN Govier.
1994. The distribution and utilization of Zostera species in
Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Aquatic Botany 47:317–
328.
Powell, GVN, WJ Kenworthy and JW Fourqurean. 1989. Experimental evidence of nutrient limitation of seagrass growth in a
tropical estuary with restricted circulation. Bulletin of Marine
Science 44:324–340.
Power, ME. 1992. Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs:
do plants have primacy? Ecology 73:733–746.
Preen A. 1995. Impacts of dugong foraging on seagrass habitats: observational and experimental evidence for cultivation
grazing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124:201–213.
Price, PW, CE Bouton, P Gross, BA McPheron, JN Thompson
and AE Weis. 1980. Interactions among three tropic levels:
influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores