Chapter 20 Grazing in Seagrass Ecosystems
497
Mack, RN and JN Thompson. 1982. Evolution in steppe
with large, hooved mammals. American Naturalist 119:757–
773.
Madsen, J. 1988. Autumn feeding ecology in the Danish Wadden
Sea, and impact of food supplies and shooting on movement.
Danish Review of Game Biology 13:1–32.
Madsen, J. 1998. Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl
in Danish wetlands. I. Baseline assessment of the disturbance
effects of recreational activities. Journal of Applied Ecology
35:386–397.
Mallin, MA and HW Paerl. 1994. Planktonic trophic transfer in
an estuary: seasonal, diel, and community structure effects.
Ecology 75:2168–2184.
Mann, KH. 1972. Macrophyte production and detritus food
chains in coastal waters. Memorie dell Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott Marco de Marchi 29 (suppl.):353–383.
Marguiller, S, G van der Velde, F Dehairs, MA Hemminga and
S Rajagopal. 1997. Trophic relationships in an interlinked
mangrove-seagrass ecosystem as traced by M
13 C and M
15 N.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 151:115–121.
Mariani, S and T Alcoverra. 2000. A multiple-choice feeding
preference experiment utilizing seagrasses with a natural population of herbivorous fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series
189:295–299.
Marsh., H, PW, G E Heinsohn and J Morrissey. 1982. Analysis
of stomach contents of dugongs from Queensland. Australian
Wildlife Research 9:55–67.
Mattson, WJ 1980. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 11:119–161.
McAfee, ST and SG Morgan. 1996. Resource use by five sympatric parrotfishes in the San Blas Archipelago, Panama. Marine Biology 125:427–437.
McCann, K, A Hastings, and GR Huxel. 1998. Weak trophic
interactions and the balance of nature. Nature 395:794–798.
McCauley, E and F Briand. 1979. Zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton species richness: field tests of the predation hypothesis. Limnology and Oceanography 24:243–252.
McConnaughey, T and CP McRoy. 1979.
13 C label identifies
eelgrass (Zostera marina) carbon in an Alaskan estuarine food
web. Marine Biology 53:263–269.
McGinnis, AJ and R Kasting. 1967. Dietary cellulose: effect
on food consumption and growth of a grasshopper. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 45:365–367.
McGlathery, K. 1995. Nutrient and grazing influences on subtropical seagrass community. Marine Ecology Progress Series
122:239–252.
McNaughton, SJ 1984. Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant
form, and coevolution. American Naturalist 124:863–886.
McNaughton, SJ 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the
Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55:259–294.
McNaughton, SJ, DG Milchunas and DA Frank. 1996. How can
net primary productivity be measured in grazing ecosystems?
Ecology 77:974–877.
McNeill, S and TRE Southwood. 1978. The role of nitrogen
in the development of insect/plant relationships, p. 78–89,
In: J. Harborne (ed.), Biogeochemical aspects of plant and
animal coevolution. Proceedings of Phytochemical Society
Symposium.
Menge, BA. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal
interaction webs: patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65:21–74.
Micheli, F. 1999. Eutrophication, fisheries, and consumerresource dynamics in marine pelagic ecosystems. Science
285:1396–1398.
Michot, TC and PC Chadwick. 1994. Winter biomass and nutrient values of three seagrass species as potential food sources
for redheads (Aythya americana Eyton) in Chandeleur Sound,
Louisiana. Wetlands 14:276–283.
Mitchell, CA, TA Custer and PJ Zwank. 1994. Herbivory on
shoalgrass by wintering redheads in Texas. Journal of Wildlife
Management 58:131–141.
Montague, JR, JA Aguinaga, KL Ambrisco, DL Vassil and W
Collazo. 1991. Laboratory measurement of ingestion rate for
the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Florida Scientist 54:129–134.
Montgomery, JLM and TE. 1992. The nutritional role of seagrass
in the diet of the omnivorous pinfish Lagodon rhomboides.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 158:37–
57.
Moore, HB, T Jutare and JC. 1963. The biology of Lytechinus
variegatus. Bulletin of Marine Science 13:23–53.
Moran, N and WD Hamilton. 1980. Low nutritive quality as
defense against herbivores. Journal of Theoretical Biology
86:247–254.
Mukai, H and A Iijima. 1995. Grazing effects of a gammaridean
amphipoda, Ampithoe sp., on the seagrass, Syringodium isoetifolium, and epiphytes in a tropical seagrass bed of Fiji. Ecological Research 10:243–257.
Mulder, CPH, J Koricheva, K Huss-Danell, P H¨ ogberg and J
Joshi. 1999. Insects affect relationships between plant species
richness and ecosystem processes. Ecological Letters. 2:237–
246.
Murdoch, WW 1966. Community structure, population control,
and competition – A critique. American Naturalist 100:219–
226.
Myers, RA and B Worm. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion of
predatory fish communities. Nature 423:280–283.
Nagelkerken, I, M Dorenbosch, WC EP Verberk, EC de La
Moriniere, and G Van Der Velde. 2000. Day-night shifts
of fishes between shallow-water biotopes of a Caribbean
bay, with emphasis on the nocturnal feeding of Haemulidae
and Lutjanidae. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 194: 55–
64.
Nagelkerken, I, S Kleijnen, T Klop, RACJ Van Den Brand, E
Cocheret de La Morini` ere, and G Van Der Velde. 2001. Dependence of Caribbean reef fishes on mangroves and seagrass
beds as nursery habitats: a comparison of fish faunas between
bays with and without mangroves/seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 214: 225–235.
Nagelkerken, I, CM Roberts, G Van Der Velde, M Dorenbosch,
MC Van Riel, E Cocheret De La Morini` ere, and PH Nienhuis.
2002. How important are mangroves and seagrass beds for
coral reef fish? The nursery hypothesis tested on an island
scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 244: 299–305.
Neckles, HA, RL Wetzel and RJ Orth. 1993. Relative effects
of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphyte-macrophyte
(Zostera marina L.) dynamics. Oecologia 93:285–295.
Neckles, HA, ET Koepfler, LW Haas, RL Wetzel, and RJ
Orth. 1994. Dynamics of epiphytic photoautotrophs and
heterotrophs in Zostera marina (eelgrass) microcosms:
Responses to nutrient enrichment and grazing. Estuaries
17:597–605.
497
Mack, RN and JN Thompson. 1982. Evolution in steppe
with large, hooved mammals. American Naturalist 119:757–
773.
Madsen, J. 1988. Autumn feeding ecology in the Danish Wadden
Sea, and impact of food supplies and shooting on movement.
Danish Review of Game Biology 13:1–32.
Madsen, J. 1998. Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl
in Danish wetlands. I. Baseline assessment of the disturbance
effects of recreational activities. Journal of Applied Ecology
35:386–397.
Mallin, MA and HW Paerl. 1994. Planktonic trophic transfer in
an estuary: seasonal, diel, and community structure effects.
Ecology 75:2168–2184.
Mann, KH. 1972. Macrophyte production and detritus food
chains in coastal waters. Memorie dell Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott Marco de Marchi 29 (suppl.):353–383.
Marguiller, S, G van der Velde, F Dehairs, MA Hemminga and
S Rajagopal. 1997. Trophic relationships in an interlinked
mangrove-seagrass ecosystem as traced by M
13 C and M
15 N.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 151:115–121.
Mariani, S and T Alcoverra. 2000. A multiple-choice feeding
preference experiment utilizing seagrasses with a natural population of herbivorous fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series
189:295–299.
Marsh., H, PW, G E Heinsohn and J Morrissey. 1982. Analysis
of stomach contents of dugongs from Queensland. Australian
Wildlife Research 9:55–67.
Mattson, WJ 1980. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen. Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 11:119–161.
McAfee, ST and SG Morgan. 1996. Resource use by five sympatric parrotfishes in the San Blas Archipelago, Panama. Marine Biology 125:427–437.
McCann, K, A Hastings, and GR Huxel. 1998. Weak trophic
interactions and the balance of nature. Nature 395:794–798.
McCauley, E and F Briand. 1979. Zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton species richness: field tests of the predation hypothesis. Limnology and Oceanography 24:243–252.
McConnaughey, T and CP McRoy. 1979.
13 C label identifies
eelgrass (Zostera marina) carbon in an Alaskan estuarine food
web. Marine Biology 53:263–269.
McGinnis, AJ and R Kasting. 1967. Dietary cellulose: effect
on food consumption and growth of a grasshopper. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 45:365–367.
McGlathery, K. 1995. Nutrient and grazing influences on subtropical seagrass community. Marine Ecology Progress Series
122:239–252.
McNaughton, SJ 1984. Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant
form, and coevolution. American Naturalist 124:863–886.
McNaughton, SJ 1985. Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the
Serengeti. Ecological Monographs 55:259–294.
McNaughton, SJ, DG Milchunas and DA Frank. 1996. How can
net primary productivity be measured in grazing ecosystems?
Ecology 77:974–877.
McNeill, S and TRE Southwood. 1978. The role of nitrogen
in the development of insect/plant relationships, p. 78–89,
In: J. Harborne (ed.), Biogeochemical aspects of plant and
animal coevolution. Proceedings of Phytochemical Society
Symposium.
Menge, BA. 1995. Indirect effects in marine rocky intertidal
interaction webs: patterns and importance. Ecological Monographs 65:21–74.
Micheli, F. 1999. Eutrophication, fisheries, and consumerresource dynamics in marine pelagic ecosystems. Science
285:1396–1398.
Michot, TC and PC Chadwick. 1994. Winter biomass and nutrient values of three seagrass species as potential food sources
for redheads (Aythya americana Eyton) in Chandeleur Sound,
Louisiana. Wetlands 14:276–283.
Mitchell, CA, TA Custer and PJ Zwank. 1994. Herbivory on
shoalgrass by wintering redheads in Texas. Journal of Wildlife
Management 58:131–141.
Montague, JR, JA Aguinaga, KL Ambrisco, DL Vassil and W
Collazo. 1991. Laboratory measurement of ingestion rate for
the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Florida Scientist 54:129–134.
Montgomery, JLM and TE. 1992. The nutritional role of seagrass
in the diet of the omnivorous pinfish Lagodon rhomboides.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 158:37–
57.
Moore, HB, T Jutare and JC. 1963. The biology of Lytechinus
variegatus. Bulletin of Marine Science 13:23–53.
Moran, N and WD Hamilton. 1980. Low nutritive quality as
defense against herbivores. Journal of Theoretical Biology
86:247–254.
Mukai, H and A Iijima. 1995. Grazing effects of a gammaridean
amphipoda, Ampithoe sp., on the seagrass, Syringodium isoetifolium, and epiphytes in a tropical seagrass bed of Fiji. Ecological Research 10:243–257.
Mulder, CPH, J Koricheva, K Huss-Danell, P H¨ ogberg and J
Joshi. 1999. Insects affect relationships between plant species
richness and ecosystem processes. Ecological Letters. 2:237–
246.
Murdoch, WW 1966. Community structure, population control,
and competition – A critique. American Naturalist 100:219–
226.
Myers, RA and B Worm. 2003. Rapid worldwide depletion of
predatory fish communities. Nature 423:280–283.
Nagelkerken, I, M Dorenbosch, WC EP Verberk, EC de La
Moriniere, and G Van Der Velde. 2000. Day-night shifts
of fishes between shallow-water biotopes of a Caribbean
bay, with emphasis on the nocturnal feeding of Haemulidae
and Lutjanidae. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 194: 55–
64.
Nagelkerken, I, S Kleijnen, T Klop, RACJ Van Den Brand, E
Cocheret de La Morini` ere, and G Van Der Velde. 2001. Dependence of Caribbean reef fishes on mangroves and seagrass
beds as nursery habitats: a comparison of fish faunas between
bays with and without mangroves/seagrass beds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 214: 225–235.
Nagelkerken, I, CM Roberts, G Van Der Velde, M Dorenbosch,
MC Van Riel, E Cocheret De La Morini` ere, and PH Nienhuis.
2002. How important are mangroves and seagrass beds for
coral reef fish? The nursery hypothesis tested on an island
scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 244: 299–305.
Neckles, HA, RL Wetzel and RJ Orth. 1993. Relative effects
of nutrient enrichment and grazing on epiphyte-macrophyte
(Zostera marina L.) dynamics. Oecologia 93:285–295.
Neckles, HA, ET Koepfler, LW Haas, RL Wetzel, and RJ
Orth. 1994. Dynamics of epiphytic photoautotrophs and
heterotrophs in Zostera marina (eelgrass) microcosms:
Responses to nutrient enrichment and grazing. Estuaries
17:597–605.