496
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 227:71–85.
Klumpp, DW and PD Nichols. 1983a. Nutrition of the southern
sea garfish Hyporhamphus melanochiri gut passage rate and
daily consumption of two food types and assimilation of seagrass components. Marine Ecology Progress Series 12:209–
216.
Klumpp, DW and PD Nichols. 1983b. A study of food chains
in seagrass communities. 2. Food of the rock flathead Platycephalous laevigatus Cuvier, a major predator in a Posidonia
australis seagrass bed. Australian Journal of Marine Freshwater Research 34:745–754.
Klumpp, DW and A Van der Walk. 1984. Nutritional quality of
seagrasses Posidonia oceanica and Heterozostera tasmanica:
comparisons between species and stages of decomposition.
Marine Biology Letters 5:67–83.
Klumpp, DW, RK Howard, and DA Pollard. 1989. Trophodynamics and nutritional ecology of seagrass communities, p. 394–
357, In: AWD Larkum, AJ McComb and SA Shepherd (eds.),
Biology of seagrasses. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Klumpp, DW, JT Salita-Espinosa and MT Fortes. 1993. Feeding
ecology and trophic role of sea urchins in a tropical seagrass
community. Aquatic Botany 45:205–229.
Kraft, SK and RF Denno. 1982. Feeding responses of adapted and
non-adapted insects to the defensive properties of Baccharis
halmifolia. Oecologia 52:156–163.
Lalli, CM and TR Parsons. 1993. Biological Oceanography. An
Introduction. Pergammon Press, New York.
Lanyon, JM, CJ Limpus and H Marsh. 1989. Dugongs and turtles:
grazers in the seagrass system, p. 610–634, In: AWD Larkum,
AJ McComb and SA Shepard (eds.), Biology of seagrasses: a
treatise on the biology of seagrasses with special reference to
the Australian region. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Lares, MT and JB McClintock. 1991. The effects of food quality
and temperature on the nutrition of the carnivorous sea urchin
Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 149:279–286.
Larkum, AWD and den Hartog. 1989. Evolution and biogeography of seagrasses, p. 112–156, In: AWD Larkum, AJ McComb
and SA Shepard (eds.), Biology of seagrasses: a treatise on the
biology of seagrasses with special reference to the Australian
region. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Larkum, AWD and RJ West. 1990. Long-term changes of seagrass meadows in Botany Bay, Australia. Aquatic Botany
37:55–70.
Lawrence, JM. 1975. On the relationships between marine plants
and sea urchins. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 13:213–286.
Lawton, JH and VK Brown. 1993. Redundancy in ecosystems, p. 255–270, In: ED Schulze and HA Mooney
(eds.), Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer, New
York.
Lehman, J and D Scavia. 1982. Microscale patchiness of nutrients
in plankton communities. Science 216:729–730.
Les, DH, MA Cleland, and MA Waycott. 1997. Phylogenetic
studies in Alismatidae. II. Evolution of marine angiosperms
(seagrasss) and hydrophily. Systematic Botany. 22:443–463.
Lessios, HA, MJ, Garrido, BD, Kessing. 2001. Demographic
history of Diadema antillarum, a keystone herbivore on
Caribbean reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B. 268: 1–7.
Levinton, JS. 2000. Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity,
Ecology. Oxford University Press.
Lewis, SM. 1985. Herbivory on coral reefs: algal susceptible to
herbivorous fishes. Oecologia 65:370–375.
Lewis, SM and PC Wainwright. 1985. Herbivore abundance and
grazing intensity on a Caribbean coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 87:215–228.
Lilly, GR. 1975. The influence of diet on the growth and
energetics of the tropical sea urchin, Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver. 216 p.
Lin, HJ, SW Nixon, DI Taylor, SL Granger and BA Buckley.
1996. Responses of epiphytes on eelgrass, Zostera marina L.,
to separate and combined nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment. Aquatic Botany 52:243–258.
Lincoln, RL, TS Newton, PR Ehrlich and KS Williams. 1982. Coevolution of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas chalcedona
and its larval food plant Diplacus aurantiacus: larval response
to protein and leaf resin. Oecologia 52:216–223.
Lipkin, Y. 1975. Food of the Red Sea Dugong (Mammalia: Sirenia) from Sinai. Israel Journal of Zoology 24:81–98.
Lipkin, Y. 1979. Quantitative aspects of seagrass communities,
particularly of those dominated by Halophila stipulacea, in
Sinai (Northern Red Sea). Aquatic Botany 7:119–128.
Littler, MM, DS Littler and PR Taylor. 1995. Selective herbivore
increases biomass of its prey: a chiton-coralline reef-building
association. Ecology 76:1666–1681.
Lobel, PS. 1981. Trophic biology of herbivorous reef fishes: alimentary pH and digestive capabilities. Journal of Fish Biology
19:365–397.
Lobel, PS and JC Ogden. 1981. Foraging by herbivorous parrotfish Sparisoma radians. Marine Biology 64:173–183.
Lodge, DM. 1991. Herbivory on freshwater macrophytes.
Aquatic Botany 41:195–224
Louda, SM and SK Collinge. 1992. Plant resistance to insect
herbivores: a field test of the environmental stress hypothesis.
Ecology 73:153–169.
Lowe, EF and JM Lawrence. 1976. Absorption efficiencies
of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) for selected marine plants. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 21:223–234.
Lowman, MD. 1984. An assessment of techniques for measuring herbivory: Is rain forest defoliation more intense than we
thought? Biotropica 16:264–68.
Lowman, MD. 1985. Insect Herbivory in Australian rain forests –
is it higher than in the neotropics? p. 109–121, In: ESA Symposium Proceedings: Are Australian Ecosystems Different?
Volume 14.
Lubchenco, J and SD Gaines. 1981. A unified approach to marine
plant-herbivore interactions. I. Populations and communities.
Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 12:405–437.
Luczkovich, JJ and EJ Stellwag. 1993. Isolation of cellulolytic
microbes from the intestinal tract of the pinfish, Lagodon
rhomboides: size-related changes in diet and microbial abundance. Marine Biology 116:381–388.
Lynch, M and J Shapiro. 1981. Predation, enrichment, and phytoplankton community structure. Journal of Limnology and
Oceanography. 29:243–252.
MacIntyre, IG, RR Graus, PN Reinthal, MM Littler and DS Littler. 1987. The barrier reef sediment apron: Tobacco Reef,
Belize. Coral Reefs 6:1–12.
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series 227:71–85.
Klumpp, DW and PD Nichols. 1983a. Nutrition of the southern
sea garfish Hyporhamphus melanochiri gut passage rate and
daily consumption of two food types and assimilation of seagrass components. Marine Ecology Progress Series 12:209–
216.
Klumpp, DW and PD Nichols. 1983b. A study of food chains
in seagrass communities. 2. Food of the rock flathead Platycephalous laevigatus Cuvier, a major predator in a Posidonia
australis seagrass bed. Australian Journal of Marine Freshwater Research 34:745–754.
Klumpp, DW and A Van der Walk. 1984. Nutritional quality of
seagrasses Posidonia oceanica and Heterozostera tasmanica:
comparisons between species and stages of decomposition.
Marine Biology Letters 5:67–83.
Klumpp, DW, RK Howard, and DA Pollard. 1989. Trophodynamics and nutritional ecology of seagrass communities, p. 394–
357, In: AWD Larkum, AJ McComb and SA Shepherd (eds.),
Biology of seagrasses. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Klumpp, DW, JT Salita-Espinosa and MT Fortes. 1993. Feeding
ecology and trophic role of sea urchins in a tropical seagrass
community. Aquatic Botany 45:205–229.
Kraft, SK and RF Denno. 1982. Feeding responses of adapted and
non-adapted insects to the defensive properties of Baccharis
halmifolia. Oecologia 52:156–163.
Lalli, CM and TR Parsons. 1993. Biological Oceanography. An
Introduction. Pergammon Press, New York.
Lanyon, JM, CJ Limpus and H Marsh. 1989. Dugongs and turtles:
grazers in the seagrass system, p. 610–634, In: AWD Larkum,
AJ McComb and SA Shepard (eds.), Biology of seagrasses: a
treatise on the biology of seagrasses with special reference to
the Australian region. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Lares, MT and JB McClintock. 1991. The effects of food quality
and temperature on the nutrition of the carnivorous sea urchin
Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 149:279–286.
Larkum, AWD and den Hartog. 1989. Evolution and biogeography of seagrasses, p. 112–156, In: AWD Larkum, AJ McComb
and SA Shepard (eds.), Biology of seagrasses: a treatise on the
biology of seagrasses with special reference to the Australian
region. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Larkum, AWD and RJ West. 1990. Long-term changes of seagrass meadows in Botany Bay, Australia. Aquatic Botany
37:55–70.
Lawrence, JM. 1975. On the relationships between marine plants
and sea urchins. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 13:213–286.
Lawton, JH and VK Brown. 1993. Redundancy in ecosystems, p. 255–270, In: ED Schulze and HA Mooney
(eds.), Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer, New
York.
Lehman, J and D Scavia. 1982. Microscale patchiness of nutrients
in plankton communities. Science 216:729–730.
Les, DH, MA Cleland, and MA Waycott. 1997. Phylogenetic
studies in Alismatidae. II. Evolution of marine angiosperms
(seagrasss) and hydrophily. Systematic Botany. 22:443–463.
Lessios, HA, MJ, Garrido, BD, Kessing. 2001. Demographic
history of Diadema antillarum, a keystone herbivore on
Caribbean reefs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London B. 268: 1–7.
Levinton, JS. 2000. Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity,
Ecology. Oxford University Press.
Lewis, SM. 1985. Herbivory on coral reefs: algal susceptible to
herbivorous fishes. Oecologia 65:370–375.
Lewis, SM and PC Wainwright. 1985. Herbivore abundance and
grazing intensity on a Caribbean coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 87:215–228.
Lilly, GR. 1975. The influence of diet on the growth and
energetics of the tropical sea urchin, Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver. 216 p.
Lin, HJ, SW Nixon, DI Taylor, SL Granger and BA Buckley.
1996. Responses of epiphytes on eelgrass, Zostera marina L.,
to separate and combined nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment. Aquatic Botany 52:243–258.
Lincoln, RL, TS Newton, PR Ehrlich and KS Williams. 1982. Coevolution of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas chalcedona
and its larval food plant Diplacus aurantiacus: larval response
to protein and leaf resin. Oecologia 52:216–223.
Lipkin, Y. 1975. Food of the Red Sea Dugong (Mammalia: Sirenia) from Sinai. Israel Journal of Zoology 24:81–98.
Lipkin, Y. 1979. Quantitative aspects of seagrass communities,
particularly of those dominated by Halophila stipulacea, in
Sinai (Northern Red Sea). Aquatic Botany 7:119–128.
Littler, MM, DS Littler and PR Taylor. 1995. Selective herbivore
increases biomass of its prey: a chiton-coralline reef-building
association. Ecology 76:1666–1681.
Lobel, PS. 1981. Trophic biology of herbivorous reef fishes: alimentary pH and digestive capabilities. Journal of Fish Biology
19:365–397.
Lobel, PS and JC Ogden. 1981. Foraging by herbivorous parrotfish Sparisoma radians. Marine Biology 64:173–183.
Lodge, DM. 1991. Herbivory on freshwater macrophytes.
Aquatic Botany 41:195–224
Louda, SM and SK Collinge. 1992. Plant resistance to insect
herbivores: a field test of the environmental stress hypothesis.
Ecology 73:153–169.
Lowe, EF and JM Lawrence. 1976. Absorption efficiencies
of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) for selected marine plants. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 21:223–234.
Lowman, MD. 1984. An assessment of techniques for measuring herbivory: Is rain forest defoliation more intense than we
thought? Biotropica 16:264–68.
Lowman, MD. 1985. Insect Herbivory in Australian rain forests –
is it higher than in the neotropics? p. 109–121, In: ESA Symposium Proceedings: Are Australian Ecosystems Different?
Volume 14.
Lubchenco, J and SD Gaines. 1981. A unified approach to marine
plant-herbivore interactions. I. Populations and communities.
Annual Review of Ecological Systematics 12:405–437.
Luczkovich, JJ and EJ Stellwag. 1993. Isolation of cellulolytic
microbes from the intestinal tract of the pinfish, Lagodon
rhomboides: size-related changes in diet and microbial abundance. Marine Biology 116:381–388.
Lynch, M and J Shapiro. 1981. Predation, enrichment, and phytoplankton community structure. Journal of Limnology and
Oceanography. 29:243–252.
MacIntyre, IG, RR Graus, PN Reinthal, MM Littler and DS Littler. 1987. The barrier reef sediment apron: Tobacco Reef,
Belize. Coral Reefs 6:1–12.