Chapter 20 Grazing in Seagrass Ecosystems
495
C:N ratios to assess food quality. Marine Biology 121:161–
166.
Hay, ME. 1981. Spatial patterns of grazing intensity on a
Caribbean barrier reef: herbivory and algal distribution.
Aquatic Botany 11:97–109.
Hay, ME. 1984a. Patterns of fish and sea urchin grazing on
Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results typical? Ecology
65:446–454.
Hay, ME. 1984b. Predictable spatial escapes from herbivory: how
do these affect the evolution of herbivore resistance in tropical
marine communities. Oecologia 64:396–407.
Hay, ME and PD Steinberg. 1992. The chemical ecology of plantherbivore interactions in marine versus terrestrial communities, p. 372–413, In: G Rosenthal and M Berenbaum (eds.),
Herbivores: their interactions with secondary plant metabolites, 2nd Ed., Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
Heck, KL, Jr. and JF Valentine. 1995. Sea urchin herbivory: evidence for long-lasting effects in subtropical seagrass meadows. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
189:205–217.
Heck, KL, Jr. and RJ Orth. 1980. Seagrass habitats: The roles of
habitat complexity, competition and predation in structuring
associated fish and motile macroinvertebrate assemblages, p.
449–464, In: VS Kennedy (Ed.), Estuarine perspectives. Academic Press, NY.
Heck, KL, Jr., JR Pennock, JF Valentine, LD Coen and SA
Sklenar. 2000. Effects of nutrient enrichment and small
predator density on seagrass ecosystems: an experimental assessment. Limnology and oceanography 45:1041–
1057.
Heinsohn, GE and WR Birch. 1972. Foods and feeding habits of
the dugong, Dugong dugong, (Erxleben), in northern Queensland, Australia. Mammalia 36:414–422.
Heinsohn, GE, GE Spain and PK Anderson. 1976. Populations of
dugongs (Mammalia: Sirenia). Aerial surveys over the inshore
waters of tropical Australia. Biological Conservation 8:21–23.
Hemminga, MA and CM Duarte. 2000. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, NY, NY.
Hootsmans, MJM and JE Vermaat. 1985. The effect of
periphyton-grazing by three epifaunal species on the growth
of Zostera marina L. under experimental conditions. Aquatic
Botany 22:83–88.
Horn, MH. 1989. Biology of marine herbivorous fishes.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 27:7–
272.
Howard, RK and FT Short. 1986. Seagrass growth and survivorship under the influence of epiphyte grazers. Aquatic Botany
24:287–302.
Hughes, AR and JJ Stachowicz. 2004. Genetic diversity enhances
the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
101:8998–9002.
Hulings, NC and H Kirkman. 1982. Further observations and data
on seagrasses along the Jordanian and Saudi Arabian coasts
of the Gulf of Aqaba. Tethys 10:281–220.
Hunter, MD and PW Price. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders:
heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down
forces in natural communities. Ecology 73:724–732.
Huston, MA. 1999. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology: Synthesis of
comments. Ecology 80:1088–1089.
Jackson, JBC. 1997. Reefs since Columbus. Proceeding of the
8th International Coral Reef Symposium 1:97–106.
Jackson, JBC, MX Kirby, WH Berger, KA Bjorndal, LW Botsford and BJ Bourque. 2001. Historical overfishing and the
recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629–638.
Jacobs, RPW, MC den Hartog, BF Braster and FC Carriere. 1981.
Grazing of the seagrass Zostera noltii by birds at Terschelling
(Dutch Wadden Sea). Aquatic Botany 10:241–259.
Jafari, RD and RM Mahasneh. 1984. The effect of seagrass grazing on the sexual maturity of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla
in the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan). Dirasat 14:127–136.
Jernakoff, P and J Nielsen. 1997. The relative importance of amphipod and gastropod grazers in Posidonia sinuosa meadows.
Aquatic Botany 56:183–202.
Jernakoff, P, A Brearley and J Nielsen. 1996. Factors affecting
grazer-epiphyte interactions in temperate seagrass meadows,
p. 109–162, In: AD Ansell, RN Gibson and M Barnes (eds.),
Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review, Vol. 34.
UCL Press.
Jones, CG, JH Lawton and M Shachak. 1994. Organisms as
ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69:373–386.
J´ onsd´ ottir, I and TV Callaghan. 1990. Intraclonal translocation
of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in Carex bigelowii Torr. ex
Schwein. using 15N and nitrate reductase assays. New Phytology 114: 419–428.
Kangas, P, H Autio, G H¨ allfors, H Luther, ˚ A Niemi and H Salemaa. 1982. A general model of the decline of Fucus vesiculosus at Tv¨ arminne, south coast of Finland in 1977–1981. Acta
Botanica Fennica 118:1–27.
Karban, R and IT Baldwin. 1997. Induced responses to herbivory. Chicago, The Chicago Press.
Keller, BD. 1983. Coexistence of sea urchins in seagrass meadows: an experimental analysis of competition and predation.
Ecology 64:1581–1598.
Kikuchi, T. 1974. Japanese contributions on consumer ecology
in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) beds, with special reference to
trophic relationships and resources in inshore fisheries. Aquaculture 4:145–160.
Kikuchi, T. 1980. Faunal relationships in temperate seagrass
beds, p. 153–172, In: RC Phillips and CP McRoy (eds.),
Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.
Garland STPM Press, New York.
Kikuchi, T and JM Peres. 1977. Consumer ecology of seagrass
beds, pp. 147–194, In: CP McRoy and C Helfferich (eds.),
Seagrass ecosystems: a scientific perspective. Marcel Dekker,
Inc., New York.
Kiorboe, T. 1980. Distribution and production of submerged
macrophytes in Tipper Grund (Ringkobing Fjord, Denmark),
and the impact on grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology
17:675–687.
Kirkman, H. 1978. Growing Zostera capricorni Aschers. in
tanks. Aquatic Botany 4:367–372.
Kirkman, H and DD Reid. 1979. A study of the role of seagrass
Posidonia australis in the carbon budget of an estuary. Aquatic
Botany 7:173–183.
Kirkman, H and PC Young. 1981. Measurement of health,
and echinoderm grazing on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile.
Aquatic Botany 10:329–338.
Kirsch, KD, JF Valentine and KL Heck. 2002. Parrotfish
grazing on turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum): evidence for
the importance of seagrass consumption in food web dynamics
495
C:N ratios to assess food quality. Marine Biology 121:161–
166.
Hay, ME. 1981. Spatial patterns of grazing intensity on a
Caribbean barrier reef: herbivory and algal distribution.
Aquatic Botany 11:97–109.
Hay, ME. 1984a. Patterns of fish and sea urchin grazing on
Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results typical? Ecology
65:446–454.
Hay, ME. 1984b. Predictable spatial escapes from herbivory: how
do these affect the evolution of herbivore resistance in tropical
marine communities. Oecologia 64:396–407.
Hay, ME and PD Steinberg. 1992. The chemical ecology of plantherbivore interactions in marine versus terrestrial communities, p. 372–413, In: G Rosenthal and M Berenbaum (eds.),
Herbivores: their interactions with secondary plant metabolites, 2nd Ed., Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.
Heck, KL, Jr. and JF Valentine. 1995. Sea urchin herbivory: evidence for long-lasting effects in subtropical seagrass meadows. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
189:205–217.
Heck, KL, Jr. and RJ Orth. 1980. Seagrass habitats: The roles of
habitat complexity, competition and predation in structuring
associated fish and motile macroinvertebrate assemblages, p.
449–464, In: VS Kennedy (Ed.), Estuarine perspectives. Academic Press, NY.
Heck, KL, Jr., JR Pennock, JF Valentine, LD Coen and SA
Sklenar. 2000. Effects of nutrient enrichment and small
predator density on seagrass ecosystems: an experimental assessment. Limnology and oceanography 45:1041–
1057.
Heinsohn, GE and WR Birch. 1972. Foods and feeding habits of
the dugong, Dugong dugong, (Erxleben), in northern Queensland, Australia. Mammalia 36:414–422.
Heinsohn, GE, GE Spain and PK Anderson. 1976. Populations of
dugongs (Mammalia: Sirenia). Aerial surveys over the inshore
waters of tropical Australia. Biological Conservation 8:21–23.
Hemminga, MA and CM Duarte. 2000. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press, NY, NY.
Hootsmans, MJM and JE Vermaat. 1985. The effect of
periphyton-grazing by three epifaunal species on the growth
of Zostera marina L. under experimental conditions. Aquatic
Botany 22:83–88.
Horn, MH. 1989. Biology of marine herbivorous fishes.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review 27:7–
272.
Howard, RK and FT Short. 1986. Seagrass growth and survivorship under the influence of epiphyte grazers. Aquatic Botany
24:287–302.
Hughes, AR and JJ Stachowicz. 2004. Genetic diversity enhances
the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
101:8998–9002.
Hulings, NC and H Kirkman. 1982. Further observations and data
on seagrasses along the Jordanian and Saudi Arabian coasts
of the Gulf of Aqaba. Tethys 10:281–220.
Hunter, MD and PW Price. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders:
heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down
forces in natural communities. Ecology 73:724–732.
Huston, MA. 1999. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology: Synthesis of
comments. Ecology 80:1088–1089.
Jackson, JBC. 1997. Reefs since Columbus. Proceeding of the
8th International Coral Reef Symposium 1:97–106.
Jackson, JBC, MX Kirby, WH Berger, KA Bjorndal, LW Botsford and BJ Bourque. 2001. Historical overfishing and the
recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629–638.
Jacobs, RPW, MC den Hartog, BF Braster and FC Carriere. 1981.
Grazing of the seagrass Zostera noltii by birds at Terschelling
(Dutch Wadden Sea). Aquatic Botany 10:241–259.
Jafari, RD and RM Mahasneh. 1984. The effect of seagrass grazing on the sexual maturity of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla
in the Gulf of Aqaba (Jordan). Dirasat 14:127–136.
Jernakoff, P and J Nielsen. 1997. The relative importance of amphipod and gastropod grazers in Posidonia sinuosa meadows.
Aquatic Botany 56:183–202.
Jernakoff, P, A Brearley and J Nielsen. 1996. Factors affecting
grazer-epiphyte interactions in temperate seagrass meadows,
p. 109–162, In: AD Ansell, RN Gibson and M Barnes (eds.),
Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review, Vol. 34.
UCL Press.
Jones, CG, JH Lawton and M Shachak. 1994. Organisms as
ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69:373–386.
J´ onsd´ ottir, I and TV Callaghan. 1990. Intraclonal translocation
of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in Carex bigelowii Torr. ex
Schwein. using 15N and nitrate reductase assays. New Phytology 114: 419–428.
Kangas, P, H Autio, G H¨ allfors, H Luther, ˚ A Niemi and H Salemaa. 1982. A general model of the decline of Fucus vesiculosus at Tv¨ arminne, south coast of Finland in 1977–1981. Acta
Botanica Fennica 118:1–27.
Karban, R and IT Baldwin. 1997. Induced responses to herbivory. Chicago, The Chicago Press.
Keller, BD. 1983. Coexistence of sea urchins in seagrass meadows: an experimental analysis of competition and predation.
Ecology 64:1581–1598.
Kikuchi, T. 1974. Japanese contributions on consumer ecology
in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) beds, with special reference to
trophic relationships and resources in inshore fisheries. Aquaculture 4:145–160.
Kikuchi, T. 1980. Faunal relationships in temperate seagrass
beds, p. 153–172, In: RC Phillips and CP McRoy (eds.),
Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective.
Garland STPM Press, New York.
Kikuchi, T and JM Peres. 1977. Consumer ecology of seagrass
beds, pp. 147–194, In: CP McRoy and C Helfferich (eds.),
Seagrass ecosystems: a scientific perspective. Marcel Dekker,
Inc., New York.
Kiorboe, T. 1980. Distribution and production of submerged
macrophytes in Tipper Grund (Ringkobing Fjord, Denmark),
and the impact on grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology
17:675–687.
Kirkman, H. 1978. Growing Zostera capricorni Aschers. in
tanks. Aquatic Botany 4:367–372.
Kirkman, H and DD Reid. 1979. A study of the role of seagrass
Posidonia australis in the carbon budget of an estuary. Aquatic
Botany 7:173–183.
Kirkman, H and PC Young. 1981. Measurement of health,
and echinoderm grazing on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile.
Aquatic Botany 10:329–338.
Kirsch, KD, JF Valentine and KL Heck. 2002. Parrotfish
grazing on turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum): evidence for
the importance of seagrass consumption in food web dynamics