494
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
Duffy, JE. 2003. Biodiversity loss, trophic skew, and ecosystem
functioning. Ecology Letters 6:680–687.
Duffy, JE and AM Harvilicz. 2001. Species-specific impacts
of grazing amphipods in an eelgrass-bed community. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 223:201–211.
Duffy, JE and ME Hay. 1991. Food and shelter as determinants
of food choice by an herbivorous marine amphipod. Ecology
72:1286–1298.
Duffy, JE and ME Hay. 2000. Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community. Ecological Monographs 70:237–263.
Duffy, JE and ME Hay. 2001. The ecology and evolution of marine consumer-prey interactions, p. 131–157,
In: MD Bertness, ME Hay and SD Gaines (eds.), Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
Duffy, JE, JP Richardson and EA Canuel. 2003. Grazer diversity
effects on ecosystem functioning in seagrass beds. Ecological
Letters 6:637–645.
Duffy, JE, KS Macdonald, JM Rhode and JD Parker. 2001. Grazer
diversity, functional redundancy, and productivity in seagrass
beds: an experimental test. Ecology 82:2417–2434.
Edgar, GJ. 1990. Population regulation, population dynamics and
competition amongst mobile epifauna associated with seagrass. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
144:205–234.
Edgar, GJ. 1993. Measurement of the carrying capacity of benthic habitats using a metabolic rate-based index. Oecologia
95:115–121.
Edgar, GJ and C Shaw. 1995. The production and trophic ecology
of shallow-water fish assemblages in southern Australia. III.
General relationships between sediments, seagrasses, invertebrates and fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology 194:107–131.
Edgar, GJ and DW Klumpp. 2003. Consistencies over regional
scales in assemblages of mobile epifauna associated with natural and artificial plants of different shape. Aquatic Botany
75:275–291.
Edgar, GJ and M Aoki. 1993. Resource limitation and fish predation: their importance to mobile epifauna associated with
Japanese Sargassum. Oecologia 95:122–133.
Edmunds, P and RC Carpenter. 2001. Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of
juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 98: 5067–5091.
Elser, JJ, Sterner, RW, Gorokhova, E, Fagan, WF, Markow, TA,
Cotner, JB, Harrison, JF, Hobbie, SE, Odell, GM, and Weider,
LJ. 2003. Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems.
Ecological Letters 3: 540–550.
Estes, JA and DO Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in
Alaska: generality and variation in a community paradigm.
Ecological Monographs 65:75–100.
Estes, JA, MT Tinker, TM Williams and DF Doak. 1998. Killer
whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore
ecosystems. Science 282:473–476.
Feeny, P. 1970. Seasonal changes in the oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars.
Ecology 51: 565–581.
Fenchel, T. 1970. Studies on the decomposition of organic detritus derived from the turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum. Journal
of Limnology and Oceanography 15:14–20.
Fenchel, T. 1977. Aspects of the decomposition of seagrasses,
p. 123–145, In: CP McRoy and C Helferich (eds.), Seagrass ecosystems: a scientific perspective. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc.
Fong, CW, SY Lee and RSS Wu. 2000. The effects of epiphytic
algae and their grazers on the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
67:251–261.
Fourqurean, JW, JC Zieman and GVN Powell. 1992. Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: Evidence
from C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Journal of Limnology and Oceanography 37:162–
171.
Fry, B and PL Parker. 1979. Animal diet in Texas seagrass meadows:
13 C evidence for the importance of benthic plants. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 8:499–509.
Fry, B, R Luthes, M Northam and PL Parker. 1982. A
13 C/
12 C
comparison of food webs in Caribbean seagrass meadows and
coral reefs. Aquatic Botany 14:389–398.
Gaines, SD and J Lubchencho. 1982. A unified approach to marine plant-herbivore interactions. II. Biogeography. 13:111–
138.
Ganter, B. 2000. Seagrass (Zostera spp.) as food for brent geese
(Branta bernicla): an overview. Helgolander Marine Research
54:63–70.
Goecker, ME, KL Heck, Jr., and JF Valentine. 2005. Effects
of nitrogen content in turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum, on
consumption by the bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians.
Marine Ecology Progress Series. 286:239–248
Greenway, M. 1976. The grazing of Thalassia testudinum in
Kingston Harbour, Jamaica. Aquatic Botany 2:117–126.
Greenway, M. 1995. Trophic relationships of macrofauna within
a Jamaican seagrass meadow and the role of the echinoid
Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science
56:719–736.
Haahtela, I. 1984. A hypothesis of the decline of the bladder
wrack (Fucus vesiculosus L.) in SW Finland in 1975–1981.
Limnologica 15:345–350.
Hacker, SD and MD Bertness. 1995. A herbivore paradox: why
salt marsh aphids live on poor-quality plants. American Naturalist 145:192–210.
Hacker, SD and MD Bertness. 1996. Trophic consequences of a
positive plant interaction. American Naturalist 148:559–575.
Hairston, NG. 1989. Ecological experiments: purpose, design, and execution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK.
Hairston, NG, FE Smith and LG Slobodkin. 1960. Community
structure, population control, and competition. American Naturalist 94:421–425.
Halaj, J and DH Wise. 2001. Terrestrial trophic cascades: how
much do they trickle? American Naturalist 157:262–281.
Handley, F. 1984. Time-budgeting and foraging strategy of the
stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride Bonnaterre, in Jamaica.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 83:159–
177.
Harrison, PG and KH Mann. 1975. Chemical changes during
the seasonal cycle of growth and decay in eelgrass (Zostera
marina) on the Atlantic Coast of Canada. Journal of Fisheries
Research Board of Canada. 32:615–621.
Hatcher, A. 1994. Nitrogen and phosphorus turnover in some
benthic marine invertebrates: implications for the use of
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
Duffy, JE. 2003. Biodiversity loss, trophic skew, and ecosystem
functioning. Ecology Letters 6:680–687.
Duffy, JE and AM Harvilicz. 2001. Species-specific impacts
of grazing amphipods in an eelgrass-bed community. Marine
Ecology Progress Series 223:201–211.
Duffy, JE and ME Hay. 1991. Food and shelter as determinants
of food choice by an herbivorous marine amphipod. Ecology
72:1286–1298.
Duffy, JE and ME Hay. 2000. Strong impacts of grazing amphipods on the organization of a benthic community. Ecological Monographs 70:237–263.
Duffy, JE and ME Hay. 2001. The ecology and evolution of marine consumer-prey interactions, p. 131–157,
In: MD Bertness, ME Hay and SD Gaines (eds.), Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland,
Massachusetts.
Duffy, JE, JP Richardson and EA Canuel. 2003. Grazer diversity
effects on ecosystem functioning in seagrass beds. Ecological
Letters 6:637–645.
Duffy, JE, KS Macdonald, JM Rhode and JD Parker. 2001. Grazer
diversity, functional redundancy, and productivity in seagrass
beds: an experimental test. Ecology 82:2417–2434.
Edgar, GJ. 1990. Population regulation, population dynamics and
competition amongst mobile epifauna associated with seagrass. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
144:205–234.
Edgar, GJ. 1993. Measurement of the carrying capacity of benthic habitats using a metabolic rate-based index. Oecologia
95:115–121.
Edgar, GJ and C Shaw. 1995. The production and trophic ecology
of shallow-water fish assemblages in southern Australia. III.
General relationships between sediments, seagrasses, invertebrates and fishes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology 194:107–131.
Edgar, GJ and DW Klumpp. 2003. Consistencies over regional
scales in assemblages of mobile epifauna associated with natural and artificial plants of different shape. Aquatic Botany
75:275–291.
Edgar, GJ and M Aoki. 1993. Resource limitation and fish predation: their importance to mobile epifauna associated with
Japanese Sargassum. Oecologia 95:122–133.
Edmunds, P and RC Carpenter. 2001. Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of
juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 98: 5067–5091.
Elser, JJ, Sterner, RW, Gorokhova, E, Fagan, WF, Markow, TA,
Cotner, JB, Harrison, JF, Hobbie, SE, Odell, GM, and Weider,
LJ. 2003. Biological stoichiometry from genes to ecosystems.
Ecological Letters 3: 540–550.
Estes, JA and DO Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in
Alaska: generality and variation in a community paradigm.
Ecological Monographs 65:75–100.
Estes, JA, MT Tinker, TM Williams and DF Doak. 1998. Killer
whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore
ecosystems. Science 282:473–476.
Feeny, P. 1970. Seasonal changes in the oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars.
Ecology 51: 565–581.
Fenchel, T. 1970. Studies on the decomposition of organic detritus derived from the turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum. Journal
of Limnology and Oceanography 15:14–20.
Fenchel, T. 1977. Aspects of the decomposition of seagrasses,
p. 123–145, In: CP McRoy and C Helferich (eds.), Seagrass ecosystems: a scientific perspective. New York: Marcel
Dekker, Inc.
Fong, CW, SY Lee and RSS Wu. 2000. The effects of epiphytic
algae and their grazers on the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
67:251–261.
Fourqurean, JW, JC Zieman and GVN Powell. 1992. Phosphorus limitation of primary production in Florida Bay: Evidence
from C:N:P ratios of the dominant seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Journal of Limnology and Oceanography 37:162–
171.
Fry, B and PL Parker. 1979. Animal diet in Texas seagrass meadows:
13 C evidence for the importance of benthic plants. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 8:499–509.
Fry, B, R Luthes, M Northam and PL Parker. 1982. A
13 C/
12 C
comparison of food webs in Caribbean seagrass meadows and
coral reefs. Aquatic Botany 14:389–398.
Gaines, SD and J Lubchencho. 1982. A unified approach to marine plant-herbivore interactions. II. Biogeography. 13:111–
138.
Ganter, B. 2000. Seagrass (Zostera spp.) as food for brent geese
(Branta bernicla): an overview. Helgolander Marine Research
54:63–70.
Goecker, ME, KL Heck, Jr., and JF Valentine. 2005. Effects
of nitrogen content in turtlegrass, Thalassia testudinum, on
consumption by the bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians.
Marine Ecology Progress Series. 286:239–248
Greenway, M. 1976. The grazing of Thalassia testudinum in
Kingston Harbour, Jamaica. Aquatic Botany 2:117–126.
Greenway, M. 1995. Trophic relationships of macrofauna within
a Jamaican seagrass meadow and the role of the echinoid
Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science
56:719–736.
Haahtela, I. 1984. A hypothesis of the decline of the bladder
wrack (Fucus vesiculosus L.) in SW Finland in 1975–1981.
Limnologica 15:345–350.
Hacker, SD and MD Bertness. 1995. A herbivore paradox: why
salt marsh aphids live on poor-quality plants. American Naturalist 145:192–210.
Hacker, SD and MD Bertness. 1996. Trophic consequences of a
positive plant interaction. American Naturalist 148:559–575.
Hairston, NG. 1989. Ecological experiments: purpose, design, and execution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK.
Hairston, NG, FE Smith and LG Slobodkin. 1960. Community
structure, population control, and competition. American Naturalist 94:421–425.
Halaj, J and DH Wise. 2001. Terrestrial trophic cascades: how
much do they trickle? American Naturalist 157:262–281.
Handley, F. 1984. Time-budgeting and foraging strategy of the
stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride Bonnaterre, in Jamaica.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 83:159–
177.
Harrison, PG and KH Mann. 1975. Chemical changes during
the seasonal cycle of growth and decay in eelgrass (Zostera
marina) on the Atlantic Coast of Canada. Journal of Fisheries
Research Board of Canada. 32:615–621.
Hatcher, A. 1994. Nitrogen and phosphorus turnover in some
benthic marine invertebrates: implications for the use of