Chapter 20 Grazing in Seagrass Ecosystems
493
Carpenter, SR. 1996. Microcosm experiments have limited
relevance for community and ecosystem ecology. Ecology
77:677–680.
Carpenter, SR, JF Kitchell and JR Hodgson. 1985. Cascading
trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience 35:634–
639.
Carpenter, SR, Kitchell, JF, Bade, D Essington, TE, Houser, JN,
Cole, JJ, Pace, ML, Hodgson, JR, Cottingham, KL, Schindler,
DE. 2001. Trophic cascades, nutrients, and lake productivity:
Whole-lake experiments. Ecological Monographs 71:163–186
Carr, SA and CA Adams. 1973. Food habits of juvenile marine fishes occupying seagrass beds in the estuarine zone near
Crystal River, Florida. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 102: 511–540.
Cebri´ an, J. 1999. Patterns in the fate of production in plant communities. American Naturalist 154: 449–468.
Cebri´ an, J. 2002. Variability and control of carbon consumption,
export, and accumulation in marine communities. Limnology
and Oceanography 47: 11–22
Cebri´ an, J and CM Duarte. 1998. Patterns in leaf herbivory on
seagrasses: the importance of the specific leaf growth-rate.
Aquatic Botany 60:67–82.
Cebri´ an, J and CM Duarte. 2001. Detrital stocks and dynamics
of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in the Spanish
Mediterranean. Aquatic Botany 70: 295–309
Cebri´ an, J, CM Duarte and N Marb` a. 1996a. Herbivory on the
seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Acherson in contrasting
Spanish Mediterranean habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 204:103–111.
Cebri´ an, J, CM Duarte, N, Marb` a, S Enr´ ıquez, M Gallegos and B
Olesen. 1996b. Herbivory on Posidonia oceanica: magnitude
and variability in the Spanish Mediterranean. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 130:147–155.
Charman, K. 1977. The grazing of Zostera by wildfowl in Britain.
Aquaculture 12:229–233.
Charman, K. 1979. Feeding ecology and energetics of the darkbellied brent goose (Branta bernicla) in Essex and Kent, p.
451–465, In: RL Jefferies and AJ Davys (eds.), Ecological
Processes in Coastal Environments. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Choate, JH and PD Kingett. 1982. The influence of fish predation
on the abundance cycles of an algal turf invertebrate fauna.
Oecologia 54:88–95.
Clancy, KM and PP Fenny. 1987. Rapid herbivore growth enhances enemy attack: sublethal defenses remain a paradox.
Ecology 68:733–737.
Clements, WH and RJ Livingston. 1983. Overlap and pollutioninduced variability in the feeding habits of filefish (Pisce:
Monacanthidae) from Apalachee Bay, Florida. Copeia
1983:331–338.
Clifton, KE and DR Robertson. 1993. Risks of alternative mating
tactics. Nature 366:520.
Cocheret De La Morini` ere, W, BJA Pollux, I Nagelkerken, MA
Hemminga, AHL Huiskes, And G Van Der Velde. 2003. Ontogenetic dietary changes of coral reef fishes in the mangroveseagrass-reef continuum: stable isotopes and gut-content analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 246: 279–289.
Coley, PD. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree
species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecological Monograph
53:209–233.
Conacher, MJ, WJR Lanzig and AWD Larkum. 1979. Ecology of
Botany Bay. II. Aspects of the feeding ecology of the fanbellied leatherjacket Monacanthus chinensis (Pisces: Monacanthidae) in Posidonia australis seagrass beds in Quibray Bay,
Botany Bay, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Marine
Freshwater Research 30:387–400.
Connell, JH. 1961a. The effects of competition, predation by
Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the
barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecological Monographs 31:61–
104.
Connell, JH. 1961b. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle
Chthamalus stellatus Ecology 42:710–723.
Connolly, RM. 2003. Differences in the trophodynamics of commercially important fish between artificial waterways and
natural coastal wetlands. Est Coast & Shelf Sci 58: 929–
936
Cottingham, KL, BL Brown and JT Lennon. 2001. Biodiversity
may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems.
Ecology Letters 4:72–85.
Coughenour, MB. 1985. Graminoid responses to grazing by
large herbivores: adaptations, exaptations, and interacting processes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72:852–
863.
Cruz-Rivera, E and ME Hay. 2000. The effects of diet mixing on
consumer fitness: macroalgae, epiphytes, and animal matter
as food for marine amphipods. Oecologia 123:252–264.
Cyr, H and ML Pace. 1993. Magnitude and patterns of herbivory in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 361:148–
150.
Dayton, PK. 1975. Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 45:137–159.
De Iongh, HH, BJ Wenner, and E Meelis. 1995. Seagrass distribution and seasonal biomass changes in relation to dugong
grazing in the Moluccas: east Indonesia. Aquatic Botany 50:
1–19
Demot, WR and WC Kerfoot. 1982. Competition among cladocerans: nature of the interaction between Bosmina and Daphnia. Ecology 63:1949–1966.
Den Hartog, C. 1977. Introduction. Aquaculture 12:195.
Dennison, WC and RS Alberte. 1985. Photosynthetic responses
of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) to in situ manipulations of
light intensity. Oecologia 55:137–144.
Domning, DP. 2001. Sirenians, seagrasses, and Cenozoic ecological change in the Caribbean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 166:27–50.
Drenner, RW and A Mazumder. 1999. Microcosm experiments
have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology:
Comment. Ecology 80:1081–1085.
Duarte, CM. 1990. Seagrass nutrient content. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 67:201–207.
Duarte, CM. 2002. The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation 29: 192–206.
Dubin, RE and JD Baker. 1982. Two types of cover-seeking
behavior at sunset by the princess parrotfish, Scarus taeniopterus, at Barbados, West Indies. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:572–583.
Duffy, JE. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection. Oikos 99:201–219.
493
Carpenter, SR. 1996. Microcosm experiments have limited
relevance for community and ecosystem ecology. Ecology
77:677–680.
Carpenter, SR, JF Kitchell and JR Hodgson. 1985. Cascading
trophic interactions and lake productivity. BioScience 35:634–
639.
Carpenter, SR, Kitchell, JF, Bade, D Essington, TE, Houser, JN,
Cole, JJ, Pace, ML, Hodgson, JR, Cottingham, KL, Schindler,
DE. 2001. Trophic cascades, nutrients, and lake productivity:
Whole-lake experiments. Ecological Monographs 71:163–186
Carr, SA and CA Adams. 1973. Food habits of juvenile marine fishes occupying seagrass beds in the estuarine zone near
Crystal River, Florida. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 102: 511–540.
Cebri´ an, J. 1999. Patterns in the fate of production in plant communities. American Naturalist 154: 449–468.
Cebri´ an, J. 2002. Variability and control of carbon consumption,
export, and accumulation in marine communities. Limnology
and Oceanography 47: 11–22
Cebri´ an, J and CM Duarte. 1998. Patterns in leaf herbivory on
seagrasses: the importance of the specific leaf growth-rate.
Aquatic Botany 60:67–82.
Cebri´ an, J and CM Duarte. 2001. Detrital stocks and dynamics
of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in the Spanish
Mediterranean. Aquatic Botany 70: 295–309
Cebri´ an, J, CM Duarte and N Marb` a. 1996a. Herbivory on the
seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Acherson in contrasting
Spanish Mediterranean habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 204:103–111.
Cebri´ an, J, CM Duarte, N, Marb` a, S Enr´ ıquez, M Gallegos and B
Olesen. 1996b. Herbivory on Posidonia oceanica: magnitude
and variability in the Spanish Mediterranean. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 130:147–155.
Charman, K. 1977. The grazing of Zostera by wildfowl in Britain.
Aquaculture 12:229–233.
Charman, K. 1979. Feeding ecology and energetics of the darkbellied brent goose (Branta bernicla) in Essex and Kent, p.
451–465, In: RL Jefferies and AJ Davys (eds.), Ecological
Processes in Coastal Environments. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Choate, JH and PD Kingett. 1982. The influence of fish predation
on the abundance cycles of an algal turf invertebrate fauna.
Oecologia 54:88–95.
Clancy, KM and PP Fenny. 1987. Rapid herbivore growth enhances enemy attack: sublethal defenses remain a paradox.
Ecology 68:733–737.
Clements, WH and RJ Livingston. 1983. Overlap and pollutioninduced variability in the feeding habits of filefish (Pisce:
Monacanthidae) from Apalachee Bay, Florida. Copeia
1983:331–338.
Clifton, KE and DR Robertson. 1993. Risks of alternative mating
tactics. Nature 366:520.
Cocheret De La Morini` ere, W, BJA Pollux, I Nagelkerken, MA
Hemminga, AHL Huiskes, And G Van Der Velde. 2003. Ontogenetic dietary changes of coral reef fishes in the mangroveseagrass-reef continuum: stable isotopes and gut-content analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 246: 279–289.
Coley, PD. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree
species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecological Monograph
53:209–233.
Conacher, MJ, WJR Lanzig and AWD Larkum. 1979. Ecology of
Botany Bay. II. Aspects of the feeding ecology of the fanbellied leatherjacket Monacanthus chinensis (Pisces: Monacanthidae) in Posidonia australis seagrass beds in Quibray Bay,
Botany Bay, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Marine
Freshwater Research 30:387–400.
Connell, JH. 1961a. The effects of competition, predation by
Thais lapillus, and other factors on natural populations of the
barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecological Monographs 31:61–
104.
Connell, JH. 1961b. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle
Chthamalus stellatus Ecology 42:710–723.
Connolly, RM. 2003. Differences in the trophodynamics of commercially important fish between artificial waterways and
natural coastal wetlands. Est Coast & Shelf Sci 58: 929–
936
Cottingham, KL, BL Brown and JT Lennon. 2001. Biodiversity
may regulate the temporal variability of ecological systems.
Ecology Letters 4:72–85.
Coughenour, MB. 1985. Graminoid responses to grazing by
large herbivores: adaptations, exaptations, and interacting processes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 72:852–
863.
Cruz-Rivera, E and ME Hay. 2000. The effects of diet mixing on
consumer fitness: macroalgae, epiphytes, and animal matter
as food for marine amphipods. Oecologia 123:252–264.
Cyr, H and ML Pace. 1993. Magnitude and patterns of herbivory in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 361:148–
150.
Dayton, PK. 1975. Experimental evaluation of ecological dominance in a rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs 45:137–159.
De Iongh, HH, BJ Wenner, and E Meelis. 1995. Seagrass distribution and seasonal biomass changes in relation to dugong
grazing in the Moluccas: east Indonesia. Aquatic Botany 50:
1–19
Demot, WR and WC Kerfoot. 1982. Competition among cladocerans: nature of the interaction between Bosmina and Daphnia. Ecology 63:1949–1966.
Den Hartog, C. 1977. Introduction. Aquaculture 12:195.
Dennison, WC and RS Alberte. 1985. Photosynthetic responses
of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) to in situ manipulations of
light intensity. Oecologia 55:137–144.
Domning, DP. 2001. Sirenians, seagrasses, and Cenozoic ecological change in the Caribbean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 166:27–50.
Drenner, RW and A Mazumder. 1999. Microcosm experiments
have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology:
Comment. Ecology 80:1081–1085.
Duarte, CM. 1990. Seagrass nutrient content. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 67:201–207.
Duarte, CM. 2002. The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation 29: 192–206.
Dubin, RE and JD Baker. 1982. Two types of cover-seeking
behavior at sunset by the princess parrotfish, Scarus taeniopterus, at Barbados, West Indies. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:572–583.
Duffy, JE. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection. Oikos 99:201–219.