492
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
seagrass food-web interactions is critical to effective
management of these valuable natural resources.
We are grateful to the many colleagues, mentors,
and students with whom we’ve learned about seagrass ecology over the years, including James Douglass, Kristin France, Melanie Harris, Mark Hay,
Ken Heck, Rom Lipcius, Tripp Macdonald, Ken
Moore, Bob Orth, John Parker, Jen Rhode, Paul
Richardson, and Susan Williams. We appreciate the
comments of Just Cebri` an, Brian Silliman, and an
anonymous reviewer on a previous version of the
MS. We are also indebted to the National Undersea
Research Center at the University of North Carolina
at Wilmington (UNCW #9537 to JFV), The Nature
Conservancy’s Ecosystem Research Program (HOCSD-083100 AL to JFV), The National Marine Fisheries Service (MARFIN Grant No: NA17FF2015
to JFV), and NSF (awards OCE 95-21184, OCE
00-96226, and OCE 03-52343 to JED) for support
of our research in seagrass ecosystems. This chapter is contribution #2607 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences and #365 from the Dauphin
Island Sea Lab, respectively.
References
Adams, SM. 1976. Feeding ecology of eelgrass fish communities.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105:514–519.
Alcoverro T and S Mariani. 2002. Effects of sea urchin grazing on
seagrass (Thalassodendron ciliatum) beds of a Kenyan lagoon.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 226: 255–263.
Anderson, PK and A Birtles. 1978. Behavior and ecology of
the Dugong dugong (Sirenia): observations in Shoalwater and
Cleveland Bays, Queensland. Australian Wildlife Research
5:11–23.
Athey, LA and EF Connor. 1989. The relationship between foliar
nitrogen content and feeding by Odonta dorsalis Thun. on
Robinia pseudoacacia (L.). Oecologia 79:390–394.
Augner, M. 1995. Low nutritive quality as a plant defense: effects
of herbivore-mediated interactions. Evolutionary Ecology 9:
1–12.
Bach, SD. 1979. Standing crop, growth, and production of calcareous Siphonales (Chlorophyta) in a south Florida lagoon.
Bulletin of Marine Science 29:191–201.
Backman, TW and DC Barilotti. 1976. Irradiance reduction: effects on standing crop of the eelgrass Zostera marina in a
coastal lagoon. Marine Biology 34:33–40.
Bak, HP and S Nojima. 1980. Immigration of a tropical sea
urchin, Astropyga radiata (Leske) in a temperate eelgrass,
Zostera marina L. patch: its feeding habit and grazing effect on the patch. Publications Amakusa Marine Biological
Laboratory, Kyushu University 5:153–169.
Baldwin, JR and JR Lovvorn. 1994. Expansion of seagrass habitat by the exotic Zostera japonica and its use by dabbling ducks
and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 103:119–127.
Barnard, C and OH Frankel. 1964. Grass, grazing animals, and
man in historical perspective. pp. 1–12, In: C Barnard (Ed.),
Grasses and grasslands. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Bell, JD, JJ Burchmore and DA Pollard. 1978. Feeding ecology
of three sympatric species of leatherjackets (Pisces: Monacanthidae) from a Posidonia seagrass habitat in New South
Wales. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
29:631–643.
Berlow, EL. 1999. Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. Nature 398: 330–334.
Bertness, MD, ME Hay and SD Gaines. 2001. Marine community
ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Bianchi, T. 1988. Feeding ecology of subsurface deposit-feeder
Leitoscoloplus fragilis Verrill. I. Mechanisms affecting particle availability on intertidal sandflat. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 115:79–97.
Bjorndal, KA. 1979. Cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid
production in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology 63(a):127–133.
Bjorndal, KA. 1980. Nutrition and grazing behavior of the green
turtle Chelonia mydas. Marine Biology 56:147–156.
Blaber, SJ and TG Blaber. 1980. Factors affecting the distribution
of juvenile estuarine and inshore fish. Journal of Fish Biology
17:143–162.
Borum, J. 1987. Dynamics of epiphyton on eelgrass (Zostera
marina L.) leaves: relative roles of algal growth, herbivory, and
substratum turnover. Limnology and Oceanography 32:986–
992.
Bouchon, C. 1980. Quantitative study of the scleractinian coral
communities of the Jordanian coast (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea):
preliminary results. Tethys 9:243–246.
Boyd, CE and CP Goodyear. 1971. Nutritive quality of
food in ecological systems. Archives of Hydrobiology 69:
256–270.
Brawley, SH. 1992. Mesoherbivores, p. 235–263, In: DM John,
SJ Hawkins and JH Price (eds.), Plant-animal interactions in
the marine benthos. Systematics Association Special Volume
46. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Brett, MT and CR Goldman. 1996. A meta-analysis of the freshwater trophic cascade. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 93:7723–7726.
Cambridge, ML, AW Chiffings, C Brittan, L Moore and AJ McComb. 1986. The loss of seagrass in Cockburn Sound, Western
Australia, 2. Aquatic Botany 24:269–285.
Camp, DK, SP Cobb and JV Van Breedfield. 1973. Overgrazing of seagrasses by a regular urchin, Lytechinus variegatus.
BioScience 23:37–38.
Cargill, SM and RL Jeffries. 1984. Nutrient limitations of primary production in a sub-arctic salt-marsh. Journal of Applied
Ecology 21:657–660.
Carpenter, RC. 1986. Partitioning herbivory and its effects on
coral reef algal communities. Ecological Monograph 56:345–
363.
Acknowledgments
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy
seagrass food-web interactions is critical to effective
management of these valuable natural resources.
We are grateful to the many colleagues, mentors,
and students with whom we’ve learned about seagrass ecology over the years, including James Douglass, Kristin France, Melanie Harris, Mark Hay,
Ken Heck, Rom Lipcius, Tripp Macdonald, Ken
Moore, Bob Orth, John Parker, Jen Rhode, Paul
Richardson, and Susan Williams. We appreciate the
comments of Just Cebri` an, Brian Silliman, and an
anonymous reviewer on a previous version of the
MS. We are also indebted to the National Undersea
Research Center at the University of North Carolina
at Wilmington (UNCW #9537 to JFV), The Nature
Conservancy’s Ecosystem Research Program (HOCSD-083100 AL to JFV), The National Marine Fisheries Service (MARFIN Grant No: NA17FF2015
to JFV), and NSF (awards OCE 95-21184, OCE
00-96226, and OCE 03-52343 to JED) for support
of our research in seagrass ecosystems. This chapter is contribution #2607 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences and #365 from the Dauphin
Island Sea Lab, respectively.
References
Adams, SM. 1976. Feeding ecology of eelgrass fish communities.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 105:514–519.
Alcoverro T and S Mariani. 2002. Effects of sea urchin grazing on
seagrass (Thalassodendron ciliatum) beds of a Kenyan lagoon.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 226: 255–263.
Anderson, PK and A Birtles. 1978. Behavior and ecology of
the Dugong dugong (Sirenia): observations in Shoalwater and
Cleveland Bays, Queensland. Australian Wildlife Research
5:11–23.
Athey, LA and EF Connor. 1989. The relationship between foliar
nitrogen content and feeding by Odonta dorsalis Thun. on
Robinia pseudoacacia (L.). Oecologia 79:390–394.
Augner, M. 1995. Low nutritive quality as a plant defense: effects
of herbivore-mediated interactions. Evolutionary Ecology 9:
1–12.
Bach, SD. 1979. Standing crop, growth, and production of calcareous Siphonales (Chlorophyta) in a south Florida lagoon.
Bulletin of Marine Science 29:191–201.
Backman, TW and DC Barilotti. 1976. Irradiance reduction: effects on standing crop of the eelgrass Zostera marina in a
coastal lagoon. Marine Biology 34:33–40.
Bak, HP and S Nojima. 1980. Immigration of a tropical sea
urchin, Astropyga radiata (Leske) in a temperate eelgrass,
Zostera marina L. patch: its feeding habit and grazing effect on the patch. Publications Amakusa Marine Biological
Laboratory, Kyushu University 5:153–169.
Baldwin, JR and JR Lovvorn. 1994. Expansion of seagrass habitat by the exotic Zostera japonica and its use by dabbling ducks
and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 103:119–127.
Barnard, C and OH Frankel. 1964. Grass, grazing animals, and
man in historical perspective. pp. 1–12, In: C Barnard (Ed.),
Grasses and grasslands. St. Martin’s Press, New York.
Bell, JD, JJ Burchmore and DA Pollard. 1978. Feeding ecology
of three sympatric species of leatherjackets (Pisces: Monacanthidae) from a Posidonia seagrass habitat in New South
Wales. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
29:631–643.
Berlow, EL. 1999. Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. Nature 398: 330–334.
Bertness, MD, ME Hay and SD Gaines. 2001. Marine community
ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Bianchi, T. 1988. Feeding ecology of subsurface deposit-feeder
Leitoscoloplus fragilis Verrill. I. Mechanisms affecting particle availability on intertidal sandflat. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 115:79–97.
Bjorndal, KA. 1979. Cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid
production in the green turtle, Chelonia mydas. Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology 63(a):127–133.
Bjorndal, KA. 1980. Nutrition and grazing behavior of the green
turtle Chelonia mydas. Marine Biology 56:147–156.
Blaber, SJ and TG Blaber. 1980. Factors affecting the distribution
of juvenile estuarine and inshore fish. Journal of Fish Biology
17:143–162.
Borum, J. 1987. Dynamics of epiphyton on eelgrass (Zostera
marina L.) leaves: relative roles of algal growth, herbivory, and
substratum turnover. Limnology and Oceanography 32:986–
992.
Bouchon, C. 1980. Quantitative study of the scleractinian coral
communities of the Jordanian coast (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea):
preliminary results. Tethys 9:243–246.
Boyd, CE and CP Goodyear. 1971. Nutritive quality of
food in ecological systems. Archives of Hydrobiology 69:
256–270.
Brawley, SH. 1992. Mesoherbivores, p. 235–263, In: DM John,
SJ Hawkins and JH Price (eds.), Plant-animal interactions in
the marine benthos. Systematics Association Special Volume
46. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Brett, MT and CR Goldman. 1996. A meta-analysis of the freshwater trophic cascade. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 93:7723–7726.
Cambridge, ML, AW Chiffings, C Brittan, L Moore and AJ McComb. 1986. The loss of seagrass in Cockburn Sound, Western
Australia, 2. Aquatic Botany 24:269–285.
Camp, DK, SP Cobb and JV Van Breedfield. 1973. Overgrazing of seagrasses by a regular urchin, Lytechinus variegatus.
BioScience 23:37–38.
Cargill, SM and RL Jeffries. 1984. Nutrient limitations of primary production in a sub-arctic salt-marsh. Journal of Applied
Ecology 21:657–660.
Carpenter, RC. 1986. Partitioning herbivory and its effects on
coral reef algal communities. Ecological Monograph 56:345–
363.
Acknowledgments