Chapter 20 Grazing in Seagrass Ecosystems
501
ammonium excreted by Diadema antillarum. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 47:145–152.
Williams, SL and KL Heck, Jr. 2001. Seagrass community ecology, p. 317–337, In: MD Bertness, ME Hay and SD Gaines
(eds.), Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Williams, SL and MH Ruckelshaus. 1993. Effects of nitrogen
availability and herbivory on eelgrass (Zostera marina) and
epiphytes. Ecology 74:904–918.
Winn, HE and JE Bardach. 1960. Some aspects of the comparative biology of parrotfishes at Bermuda. Zoologica 45:29–34.
Winn, HE, M and N Roberts. 1964. Sun compass orientation by
parrotfishes. Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie. 21:798–812.
Wootton, JT and ME Power. 1993. Productivity, consumers, and
the structure of a river food chain. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the USA 90:1384–1387.
Young, DK, MA Buzas and MW Young. 1976. Species densities
of macrobenthos associated with seagrass: a field experimental
study of predation. Journal of Marine Research 34:576–592.
Zieman, JC 1975. Quantitative and dynamic aspects of the ecology of turtle grass Thalassia testudinum. Pp. 541–562, In: L
Cronin (Ed.), Estuarine Research, Vol. 1, Chemistry, biology
and the estuarine system. Academic Press, NY.
Zieman, JC and RT Zieman. 1989. The ecology of the seagrass
meadows of the west coast of Florida: A community profile.
Biology of Reproduction 85(7.25). 155 p.
Zieman, JC, RL Iverson and JC Ogden. 1984. Herbivory effects
on Thalassia testudinum leaf growth and nitrogen content.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 15:151–158.
Zimmerman, RC, and RJ Livingston. 1976. Effects of the kraftmill effluents on benthic macrophyte assemblages in a shallow
bay system (Apalachee Bay, North Florida, USA). Marine Biology 34:297–312.
Zimmerman, RC, DG Kohrs and RS Alberte. 1996. Topdown impact through a bottom-up mechanism: the effect of
limpet grazing on growth, productivity and carbon allocation of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass). Oecologia 107:560–
567.
501
ammonium excreted by Diadema antillarum. Marine Ecology
Progress Series 47:145–152.
Williams, SL and KL Heck, Jr. 2001. Seagrass community ecology, p. 317–337, In: MD Bertness, ME Hay and SD Gaines
(eds.), Marine community ecology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Williams, SL and MH Ruckelshaus. 1993. Effects of nitrogen
availability and herbivory on eelgrass (Zostera marina) and
epiphytes. Ecology 74:904–918.
Winn, HE and JE Bardach. 1960. Some aspects of the comparative biology of parrotfishes at Bermuda. Zoologica 45:29–34.
Winn, HE, M and N Roberts. 1964. Sun compass orientation by
parrotfishes. Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie. 21:798–812.
Wootton, JT and ME Power. 1993. Productivity, consumers, and
the structure of a river food chain. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the USA 90:1384–1387.
Young, DK, MA Buzas and MW Young. 1976. Species densities
of macrobenthos associated with seagrass: a field experimental
study of predation. Journal of Marine Research 34:576–592.
Zieman, JC 1975. Quantitative and dynamic aspects of the ecology of turtle grass Thalassia testudinum. Pp. 541–562, In: L
Cronin (Ed.), Estuarine Research, Vol. 1, Chemistry, biology
and the estuarine system. Academic Press, NY.
Zieman, JC and RT Zieman. 1989. The ecology of the seagrass
meadows of the west coast of Florida: A community profile.
Biology of Reproduction 85(7.25). 155 p.
Zieman, JC, RL Iverson and JC Ogden. 1984. Herbivory effects
on Thalassia testudinum leaf growth and nitrogen content.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 15:151–158.
Zimmerman, RC, and RJ Livingston. 1976. Effects of the kraftmill effluents on benthic macrophyte assemblages in a shallow
bay system (Apalachee Bay, North Florida, USA). Marine Biology 34:297–312.
Zimmerman, RC, DG Kohrs and RS Alberte. 1996. Topdown impact through a bottom-up mechanism: the effect of
limpet grazing on growth, productivity and carbon allocation of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass). Oecologia 107:560–
567.