Chapter 16 Biology of Zostera
383
Milchakova NA (2003) The seagrasses of the Black, Azov,
Caspian and Aral Seas. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World
Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 59–64. University of California Press,
Berkeley
Milne LJ and Milne MJ (1951) The eelgrass catastrophe. Sci Am
184: 52–55
Moore KA, Neckles HA and Orth RJ (1996) Zostera marina
(eelgrass) growth and survival along a gradient of nutrients
and turbidity in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
142: 247–259
Moore KA, Orth RJ and Nowak JF (1993) Environmental regulation of seed germination in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in
Chesapeake Bay: Effects of light, oxygen and sediment burial.
Aquat Bot 45: 79–91
Moore KA and Wetzel RL (2000) Seasonal variations in eelgrass
(Zostera marinaL.) responses to nutrient enrichment and reduced light availability in experimental ecosystems. J Mar Biol
Ecol 244: 1–28
Moore KA, Wetzel RL and Orth RJ (1997) Seasonal pulses of
turbidity and their relation to eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)
survival in an estuary. J Mar Biol Ecol 215: 115–134
Moore KA, Wilcox DJ and Orth RJ (2000) Analysis of the abundance of submersed aquatic vegetation communities in the
Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 23: 115–127
Muehlstein LK (1989) Perspectives on the wasting disease of
eelgrass Zostera marina. Dis Aquat Organ 7: 211–221
Muehlstein LK (1992) The host-pathogen interaction in the wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina. Can J Bot 70: 2081–
2088
Muehlstein LK, Porter D and Short FT (1988) Labyrinthula sp., a
marine slime mold producing the symptoms of wasting disease
in eelgrass, Zostera marina. Mar Biol 99: 465–472
Muehlstein LK, Porter D and Short FT (1991) Labyrinthula
zosterae sp. Nov., the causative agent of wasting disease of
eelgrass, Zostera marina. Mycologia 83: 180–191
Nakaoka M and Aioi K (2001) Ecology of seagrasses Zostera
spp. (Zosteraceae) in Japanese waters: A review. Otsuchi Mar
Sci 26: 7–22
Neckles HA, Short FT, Barker S and Kopp BS (2005) Disturbance of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) by commercial mussel
(Mytilus edulis) harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and
habitat recovery. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 285: 57–73
Nepf H and Koch EW (1999) Vertical secondary flows in
submersed plant-like arrays. Limnol Oceanogr 44: 1072–
1080
Nienhuis PH (1978) Consumption of eelgrass, Zostera marina,
by birds and invertebrates during the growing season in Lake
Grevelingen (SW Netherlands). Neth J Sea Res 12: 180–194
Nienhuis PH (1983) Temporal and spatial patterns of eelgrass
(Zostera marina L.) in a former estuary in The Netherlands,
dominated by human activities. Mar Technol Soc J 17: 69–77
Nienhuis PH (1996) Twenty-five years of changes in the distribution and biomass of eelgrass, Zostera marina, in Grevelingen
Lagoon, The Netherlands. Neth J Aquat Ecol 30: 107–117
Ochieng CA and Erftemeijer PLA (2003) Seagrasses of Kenya
and Tanzania. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World Atlas of
Seagrasses: Present Status and Future Conservation, pp 82–
92. University of California Press, Berkeley
Olesen B (1996) Regulation of light attenuation and eelgrass
Zostera marina depth distribution in a Danish embayment.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 134: 187–194
Olsen JL, Stam WT, Coyer JA, Reusch TBH, Billingham M,
Bostr¨ om C, Calvert E, Christie H, Granger S, la Lumiere R,
Milchakova N, Oudot le Secq M-P, Procaccini G, Sanjabi B,
Serrao E, Veldsink J, Widdicombe S and Wyllie-Echeverria S
(2004) North Atlantic phylogeography and large scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Mol
Ecol 13: 1923–1941
Orth RJ (1977) Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth of the
eelgrass (Zostera marina) in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia
USA. Mar Biol 44: 187–194
Orth RJ and Heck KL (1980) Structural components of eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the lower Chesapeake
Bay-Fishes. Estuaries 3: 278–288
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983a) An unprecedented decline in
submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 22: 51–53
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983b) Submersed vascular plants:
Techniques for analyzing their distribution and abundance.
Mar Technol Soc J 17: 38–52
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1984) Distribution and abundance of
submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: An historical perspective. Estuaries 7: 531–540
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1986) Seasonal and year-to-year variations in the growth of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in the lower
Chesapeake Bay. Aquat Bot 24: 335–341
Orth RJ and van Montfrans J (1987) Utilization of a seagrass
meadow and tidal marsh creed by blue crabs, Callinectes
sapidus: Seasonal and annual variations in abundance with
emphasis on post-settlement juveniles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 41:
283–294
Orth RJ, Fishman JR, Wilcox DJ and Moore KA (2002) Identification and management of fishing gear impacts in a recovering
seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula,
USA. J Coastal Res 37: 111–129
Orth RJ, Harwell MC and Fishman JR (1999) A rapid and simple
method for transplanting eelgrass using single, un anchored
shoots. Aquat Bot 64: 77–85
Orth RJ, Lukenback M and Moore KA (1994) Seed dispersal in a
marine macrophyte: Inplications for colonization and restoration. Ecology 75: 1927–1939
Orth RJ, van Montfrans J, Lipcius RN and Metcalf KS (1996)
Utilization of seagrass habitat by the blue crab, Callinectes
sapidus Rathbun, in Chesapeake Bay: A review. In: Kuo J,
Phillips RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology, Proceedings of an International Workshop, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Perth,
pp 231–224
Paula J, Fidalgo-ecosta P, Martins A and Gove D (2001) Patterns
of abundance of seagrasses and associated infaunal communities at Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Est Coast Shelf Sci 53:
307–318
Petersen CJG (1890) Fiskenes biologiske forhold i Holbaek
Fjord. Report of the Danish Biological Station #1
Petersen CJG (1918) Variation of the sea. The sea bottom and its
productivity of fish food. Rep Dan Biol Station 25: 1–62
Peterson CH, Summerson HC and Fegley SR (1983) Relative
efficiency of two clam rakes and their contrasting impacts on
seagrass biomass. Fishery Bull 81: 429–434
Philippart CJM (1995) Effects of shading on growth, biomass
and population maintenance of the inter tidal seagrass Zostera
noltii Hornem. in the Dutch Wadden sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
188: 199–213
383
Milchakova NA (2003) The seagrasses of the Black, Azov,
Caspian and Aral Seas. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World
Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 59–64. University of California Press,
Berkeley
Milne LJ and Milne MJ (1951) The eelgrass catastrophe. Sci Am
184: 52–55
Moore KA, Neckles HA and Orth RJ (1996) Zostera marina
(eelgrass) growth and survival along a gradient of nutrients
and turbidity in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
142: 247–259
Moore KA, Orth RJ and Nowak JF (1993) Environmental regulation of seed germination in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in
Chesapeake Bay: Effects of light, oxygen and sediment burial.
Aquat Bot 45: 79–91
Moore KA and Wetzel RL (2000) Seasonal variations in eelgrass
(Zostera marinaL.) responses to nutrient enrichment and reduced light availability in experimental ecosystems. J Mar Biol
Ecol 244: 1–28
Moore KA, Wetzel RL and Orth RJ (1997) Seasonal pulses of
turbidity and their relation to eelgrass (Zostera marina L.)
survival in an estuary. J Mar Biol Ecol 215: 115–134
Moore KA, Wilcox DJ and Orth RJ (2000) Analysis of the abundance of submersed aquatic vegetation communities in the
Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 23: 115–127
Muehlstein LK (1989) Perspectives on the wasting disease of
eelgrass Zostera marina. Dis Aquat Organ 7: 211–221
Muehlstein LK (1992) The host-pathogen interaction in the wasting disease of eelgrass, Zostera marina. Can J Bot 70: 2081–
2088
Muehlstein LK, Porter D and Short FT (1988) Labyrinthula sp., a
marine slime mold producing the symptoms of wasting disease
in eelgrass, Zostera marina. Mar Biol 99: 465–472
Muehlstein LK, Porter D and Short FT (1991) Labyrinthula
zosterae sp. Nov., the causative agent of wasting disease of
eelgrass, Zostera marina. Mycologia 83: 180–191
Nakaoka M and Aioi K (2001) Ecology of seagrasses Zostera
spp. (Zosteraceae) in Japanese waters: A review. Otsuchi Mar
Sci 26: 7–22
Neckles HA, Short FT, Barker S and Kopp BS (2005) Disturbance of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) by commercial mussel
(Mytilus edulis) harvesting in Maine: Dragging impacts and
habitat recovery. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 285: 57–73
Nepf H and Koch EW (1999) Vertical secondary flows in
submersed plant-like arrays. Limnol Oceanogr 44: 1072–
1080
Nienhuis PH (1978) Consumption of eelgrass, Zostera marina,
by birds and invertebrates during the growing season in Lake
Grevelingen (SW Netherlands). Neth J Sea Res 12: 180–194
Nienhuis PH (1983) Temporal and spatial patterns of eelgrass
(Zostera marina L.) in a former estuary in The Netherlands,
dominated by human activities. Mar Technol Soc J 17: 69–77
Nienhuis PH (1996) Twenty-five years of changes in the distribution and biomass of eelgrass, Zostera marina, in Grevelingen
Lagoon, The Netherlands. Neth J Aquat Ecol 30: 107–117
Ochieng CA and Erftemeijer PLA (2003) Seagrasses of Kenya
and Tanzania. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World Atlas of
Seagrasses: Present Status and Future Conservation, pp 82–
92. University of California Press, Berkeley
Olesen B (1996) Regulation of light attenuation and eelgrass
Zostera marina depth distribution in a Danish embayment.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 134: 187–194
Olsen JL, Stam WT, Coyer JA, Reusch TBH, Billingham M,
Bostr¨ om C, Calvert E, Christie H, Granger S, la Lumiere R,
Milchakova N, Oudot le Secq M-P, Procaccini G, Sanjabi B,
Serrao E, Veldsink J, Widdicombe S and Wyllie-Echeverria S
(2004) North Atlantic phylogeography and large scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Mol
Ecol 13: 1923–1941
Orth RJ (1977) Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth of the
eelgrass (Zostera marina) in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia
USA. Mar Biol 44: 187–194
Orth RJ and Heck KL (1980) Structural components of eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in the lower Chesapeake
Bay-Fishes. Estuaries 3: 278–288
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983a) An unprecedented decline in
submerged aquatic vegetation. Science 22: 51–53
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983b) Submersed vascular plants:
Techniques for analyzing their distribution and abundance.
Mar Technol Soc J 17: 38–52
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1984) Distribution and abundance of
submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay: An historical perspective. Estuaries 7: 531–540
Orth RJ and Moore KA (1986) Seasonal and year-to-year variations in the growth of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in the lower
Chesapeake Bay. Aquat Bot 24: 335–341
Orth RJ and van Montfrans J (1987) Utilization of a seagrass
meadow and tidal marsh creed by blue crabs, Callinectes
sapidus: Seasonal and annual variations in abundance with
emphasis on post-settlement juveniles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 41:
283–294
Orth RJ, Fishman JR, Wilcox DJ and Moore KA (2002) Identification and management of fishing gear impacts in a recovering
seagrass system in the coastal bays of the Delmarva Peninsula,
USA. J Coastal Res 37: 111–129
Orth RJ, Harwell MC and Fishman JR (1999) A rapid and simple
method for transplanting eelgrass using single, un anchored
shoots. Aquat Bot 64: 77–85
Orth RJ, Lukenback M and Moore KA (1994) Seed dispersal in a
marine macrophyte: Inplications for colonization and restoration. Ecology 75: 1927–1939
Orth RJ, van Montfrans J, Lipcius RN and Metcalf KS (1996)
Utilization of seagrass habitat by the blue crab, Callinectes
sapidus Rathbun, in Chesapeake Bay: A review. In: Kuo J,
Phillips RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology, Proceedings of an International Workshop, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Perth,
pp 231–224
Paula J, Fidalgo-ecosta P, Martins A and Gove D (2001) Patterns
of abundance of seagrasses and associated infaunal communities at Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Est Coast Shelf Sci 53:
307–318
Petersen CJG (1890) Fiskenes biologiske forhold i Holbaek
Fjord. Report of the Danish Biological Station #1
Petersen CJG (1918) Variation of the sea. The sea bottom and its
productivity of fish food. Rep Dan Biol Station 25: 1–62
Peterson CH, Summerson HC and Fegley SR (1983) Relative
efficiency of two clam rakes and their contrasting impacts on
seagrass biomass. Fishery Bull 81: 429–434
Philippart CJM (1995) Effects of shading on growth, biomass
and population maintenance of the inter tidal seagrass Zostera
noltii Hornem. in the Dutch Wadden sea. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
188: 199–213