Chapter 16 Biology of Zostera
379
Batiuk R, Bergstrom P, Kemp M, Koch E, Murray L, Stevenson C, Bartleson R, Carter V, Rybicki N, Landwehr J,
Gallegos C, Karrh L, Naylor M, Wilcox D, Moore K, Ailstock S and Teichberg M (2000) Chesapeake Bay submerged
aquatic vegetation water quality and habitat-based requirements and restoration targets: A second technical synthesis. CBP/TRS 245/00. EPA 903-R-00-014, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis,
MD
Batiuk R, Orth R, Moore K, Stevenson JC, Dennison W,
Staver L, Carter V, Rybicki N, Hickman R, Kollar S and
Bieber S (1992) Submerged aquatic vegetation habitat requirements and restoration targets: A technical synthesis. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program,
Annapolis, MD
Beck MW, Heck KL, Able KW, Childers DL, Eggleston DB,
Gillanders BM, Halpern B, Hays CG, Hoshino K, Minello TJ,
Orth RJ, Sheridan PF and Weinstein MP (2001) The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and
marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience 51:
663–641
Beer S, Vilenkin B, Weil A, Veste M, Susel L and Eshel A (1998)
Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174:
293–300
Biebl R and McRoy CP (1971) Plasmatic resistance and rate of
respiration and photosynthesis of Zostera marina at different
salinities and temperatures. Mar Biol 8: 48–56
Bigley RE and Harrison PG (1986) Shoot demography and morphology of Zostera japonica and Ruppia maritima from British
Columbia, Canada. Aquat Bot 24: 69–82
Boon PI (1986) Nitrogen pools in seagrass beds of Cymodocea
serrulata and Zostera capricorni of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Aquat Bot 25: 1–19
Boon PI, Moriarty DJW and Saffigna PG (1986) Rates of ammonium turnover and the role of amino-acid deamination in
seagrass (Zostera capricorni) beds of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Mar Biol 91: 259–268
Borum J (1985) Development of epiphyte communities on eelgrass (Zostera marina) along a nutrient gradient in a Danish
estuary. Mar Biol 87: 211–218
Bostr¨ om C, Baden SP and Krause-Jensen D (2003) The seagrasses of Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea. In: Green EP and
Short FT (eds) World Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 27–37. University of California Press, Berkeley
Bowen JL and Valiela I (2001) The ecological effects of urbanization of coastal watersheds: Historical increases in nitrogen
loads and eutrophication of Waquoit Bay estuaries. Can J Fish
Aquat Sci 58: 1489–1500
Bulthuis DA (1983) Effects of in situ light reduction on density
and growth of the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica (Martens
ex Aschers.) den Hartog in Western Port, Victoria. Aust J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 67: 91–103
Bulthuis DA (1987) Effects of temperature on photosynthesis
and growth of seagrasses. Aquat Bot 27: 27–40
Bulthuis DA (1995) Distribution of seagrasses in a North Puget
Sound estuary: Padilla Bay, Washington, USA. Aquat Bot 50:
99–105
Bulthuis DA and Woelkerling WJ (1981) Effects of in situ nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of the sediments on the
seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica (Martens ex Aschers.) den
Hartog in Western Port, Victoria, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 53: 193–207
Burdick DM and Kendrick GA (2001) Standards for seagrass
collection, identification, and sample design. In: Short FT and
Coles RG (eds) Global Seagrass Research Methods, pp 79–
100. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam
Burdick DM and Short FT (1999) The effects of boat docks
on eelgrass beds in coastal waters of Massachusetts. Environ
Manage 23: 231–240
Burdick DM, Short FT and Wolf J (1993) An index to assess and
monitor the progression of the wasting disease in eelgrass,
Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 94: 83–90
Burdick-Whitney C and Short FT (2002) Using TERFS for
Community-Based Eelgrass Restoration. CD-ROM, NOAA
Restoration Center. University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH
Burkholder JM, Mason KM and Glasgow HB (1992) Watercolumn nitrate enrichment promotes decline of eelgrass
Zostera marina: Evidence from seasonal mesocosm experiments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 81: 163–78
Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB Jr and Cooke JE (1994) Comparative effects of water-column nitrate enrichment on eelgrass
Zostera marina, shoalgrass Halodule wrightii, and widgeongrass Ruppia maritima. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 105: 121–138
Calumpong HP and Fonseca MS (2001) Seagrass transplantation
and other seagrass restoration methods. In: Short FT and Coles
RG (eds) Global Seagrass Research Methods, pp 425–443.
Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam
Campbell S, Miller C, Steven A and Stephens A (2003) Photosynthetic responses of two temperate seagrasses across a
water quality gradient using chlorophyll fluorescence. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 291: 57–78
Carlton JT, Vermeij GJ, Lindberg DR, Carlton DA and Dudley EC
(1991) The first historical extinction of a marine invertebrate
in an ocean basin: The demise of the eelgrass limpet Lottia
alveus. Biol Bull 180: 72–80
Chandler M, Colarusso P and Buchsbaum R (1996) A study
of eelgrass beds in Boston harbor and northern Massachusetts
Bays. Project report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Narragansett, RI
Churchill AC, Cok AE and Riner MI (1978) Stabilization of
Subtidal Sediments by the Transplantation of the Seagrass
Zostera marina L., New York Sea Grant Report NYSSGPRS-78-15, 48 p
Churchill AC, Nieves G and Brenowitz AH (1985) Flotation and
dispersal of eelgrass seeds by gas bubbles. Estuaries 8: 252–
254
Clausen PJ, Madsen SM, Percival DO and Anderson GQZ (1998)
Population development and changes in winter site use by
the Svalvard light-bellied goose, Branta bernicla hrota 1980–
1994. Biol Conservation 84: 157–165
Coffaro G (1997) Resource competition between Ulva rigida
and Zostera marina: A quantitative approach applied to the
Lagoon of Venice. Ecol Model 102: 81–95
Conacher CA, Poiner IR and O’Donohue M (1994) Morphology,
flowering and seed production of Zostera capricorni Aschers,
in sub tropical Australia. Aquat Bot 49: 33–46
Connolly RM (1994a) The role of seagrass as preferred habitat for juvenile Sillaginodes punctata (Cuv. And Val.) (sillaginidae, Pisces): Habitat selection of feeding? J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 180: 39–47
379
Batiuk R, Bergstrom P, Kemp M, Koch E, Murray L, Stevenson C, Bartleson R, Carter V, Rybicki N, Landwehr J,
Gallegos C, Karrh L, Naylor M, Wilcox D, Moore K, Ailstock S and Teichberg M (2000) Chesapeake Bay submerged
aquatic vegetation water quality and habitat-based requirements and restoration targets: A second technical synthesis. CBP/TRS 245/00. EPA 903-R-00-014, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis,
MD
Batiuk R, Orth R, Moore K, Stevenson JC, Dennison W,
Staver L, Carter V, Rybicki N, Hickman R, Kollar S and
Bieber S (1992) Submerged aquatic vegetation habitat requirements and restoration targets: A technical synthesis. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Chesapeake Bay Program,
Annapolis, MD
Beck MW, Heck KL, Able KW, Childers DL, Eggleston DB,
Gillanders BM, Halpern B, Hays CG, Hoshino K, Minello TJ,
Orth RJ, Sheridan PF and Weinstein MP (2001) The identification, conservation, and management of estuarine and
marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates. Bioscience 51:
663–641
Beer S, Vilenkin B, Weil A, Veste M, Susel L and Eshel A (1998)
Measuring photosynthetic rates in seagrasses by pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174:
293–300
Biebl R and McRoy CP (1971) Plasmatic resistance and rate of
respiration and photosynthesis of Zostera marina at different
salinities and temperatures. Mar Biol 8: 48–56
Bigley RE and Harrison PG (1986) Shoot demography and morphology of Zostera japonica and Ruppia maritima from British
Columbia, Canada. Aquat Bot 24: 69–82
Boon PI (1986) Nitrogen pools in seagrass beds of Cymodocea
serrulata and Zostera capricorni of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Aquat Bot 25: 1–19
Boon PI, Moriarty DJW and Saffigna PG (1986) Rates of ammonium turnover and the role of amino-acid deamination in
seagrass (Zostera capricorni) beds of Moreton Bay, Australia.
Mar Biol 91: 259–268
Borum J (1985) Development of epiphyte communities on eelgrass (Zostera marina) along a nutrient gradient in a Danish
estuary. Mar Biol 87: 211–218
Bostr¨ om C, Baden SP and Krause-Jensen D (2003) The seagrasses of Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea. In: Green EP and
Short FT (eds) World Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 27–37. University of California Press, Berkeley
Bowen JL and Valiela I (2001) The ecological effects of urbanization of coastal watersheds: Historical increases in nitrogen
loads and eutrophication of Waquoit Bay estuaries. Can J Fish
Aquat Sci 58: 1489–1500
Bulthuis DA (1983) Effects of in situ light reduction on density
and growth of the seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica (Martens
ex Aschers.) den Hartog in Western Port, Victoria. Aust J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 67: 91–103
Bulthuis DA (1987) Effects of temperature on photosynthesis
and growth of seagrasses. Aquat Bot 27: 27–40
Bulthuis DA (1995) Distribution of seagrasses in a North Puget
Sound estuary: Padilla Bay, Washington, USA. Aquat Bot 50:
99–105
Bulthuis DA and Woelkerling WJ (1981) Effects of in situ nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of the sediments on the
seagrass Heterozostera tasmanica (Martens ex Aschers.) den
Hartog in Western Port, Victoria, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol 53: 193–207
Burdick DM and Kendrick GA (2001) Standards for seagrass
collection, identification, and sample design. In: Short FT and
Coles RG (eds) Global Seagrass Research Methods, pp 79–
100. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam
Burdick DM and Short FT (1999) The effects of boat docks
on eelgrass beds in coastal waters of Massachusetts. Environ
Manage 23: 231–240
Burdick DM, Short FT and Wolf J (1993) An index to assess and
monitor the progression of the wasting disease in eelgrass,
Zostera marina. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 94: 83–90
Burdick-Whitney C and Short FT (2002) Using TERFS for
Community-Based Eelgrass Restoration. CD-ROM, NOAA
Restoration Center. University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH
Burkholder JM, Mason KM and Glasgow HB (1992) Watercolumn nitrate enrichment promotes decline of eelgrass
Zostera marina: Evidence from seasonal mesocosm experiments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 81: 163–78
Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB Jr and Cooke JE (1994) Comparative effects of water-column nitrate enrichment on eelgrass
Zostera marina, shoalgrass Halodule wrightii, and widgeongrass Ruppia maritima. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 105: 121–138
Calumpong HP and Fonseca MS (2001) Seagrass transplantation
and other seagrass restoration methods. In: Short FT and Coles
RG (eds) Global Seagrass Research Methods, pp 425–443.
Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam
Campbell S, Miller C, Steven A and Stephens A (2003) Photosynthetic responses of two temperate seagrasses across a
water quality gradient using chlorophyll fluorescence. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 291: 57–78
Carlton JT, Vermeij GJ, Lindberg DR, Carlton DA and Dudley EC
(1991) The first historical extinction of a marine invertebrate
in an ocean basin: The demise of the eelgrass limpet Lottia
alveus. Biol Bull 180: 72–80
Chandler M, Colarusso P and Buchsbaum R (1996) A study
of eelgrass beds in Boston harbor and northern Massachusetts
Bays. Project report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Narragansett, RI
Churchill AC, Cok AE and Riner MI (1978) Stabilization of
Subtidal Sediments by the Transplantation of the Seagrass
Zostera marina L., New York Sea Grant Report NYSSGPRS-78-15, 48 p
Churchill AC, Nieves G and Brenowitz AH (1985) Flotation and
dispersal of eelgrass seeds by gas bubbles. Estuaries 8: 252–
254
Clausen PJ, Madsen SM, Percival DO and Anderson GQZ (1998)
Population development and changes in winter site use by
the Svalvard light-bellied goose, Branta bernicla hrota 1980–
1994. Biol Conservation 84: 157–165
Coffaro G (1997) Resource competition between Ulva rigida
and Zostera marina: A quantitative approach applied to the
Lagoon of Venice. Ecol Model 102: 81–95
Conacher CA, Poiner IR and O’Donohue M (1994) Morphology,
flowering and seed production of Zostera capricorni Aschers,
in sub tropical Australia. Aquat Bot 49: 33–46
Connolly RM (1994a) The role of seagrass as preferred habitat for juvenile Sillaginodes punctata (Cuv. And Val.) (sillaginidae, Pisces): Habitat selection of feeding? J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 180: 39–47