Chapter 8 Fluid Dynamics in Seagrass Ecology
219
and are influenced by, water flow. Vegetated flows
are amongst the most complicated and least understood types of water flow which makes this subject
a great gateway for exciting new developments and
advancements in science.
Acknowledgments
Dr. Heidi Nepf, Dr. Mark Fonseca, and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments on an
earlier draft of the manuscript. Evamaria Koch would
like to thank the Cooperative Institute for Coastal
and Estuarine Environmental Technology (CICEET)
for financial support to collect the data presented in
Fig. 7. Joe Ackerman would like to acknowledge the
support of funds from NSERC and the Canada Research Chair program. Tracey Saxby is thanked for
making the figures for this chapter.
References
Abdelrham MA (2003) Effects of eelgrass Zostera marina
canopies on flow and transport. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 248: 67–83
Abelson A and Denny M (1997) Settlement of marine organisms
in flow. Annu Rev Ecol Systematics 28: 317–39
Ackerman JD (1986) Mechanistic implications for pollination
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 24:
343–353
Ackerman JD (1993) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 46:
189–202
Ackerman JD (1995) Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in seagrasses: Functional mechanisms. Evol Ecol 9: 139–
153
Ackerman JD (1997a) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part I. The influence of floral morphology on fluid flow. Am J Bot 84: 1099–1109
Ackerman JD (1997b) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part II. Pollen transport in flow
fields and capture by stigmas. Am J Bot 84: 1110–1119
Ackerman JD (2000) Abiotic pollen and pollination: Ecological,
functional, and evolutionary perspectives. Plant Systematics
Evol 222: 167–185
Ackerman JD (2002) Diffusivity in a marine macrophyte bed:
Implications for submarine pollination and dispersal. Am J
Bot 89: 1119–1127
Ackerman JD and Hoover T (2001) Measurement of local bed
shear stress in streams using a Preston-static tube. Limnol
Oceanogr 46: 2080–2087
Ackerman JD and Okubo A (1993) Reduced mixing in a marine
macrophyte canopy. Funct Ecol 7: 305–309
Ackerman JD, Sim B, Nichols SJ and Claudi R (1994) A review
of the early life history of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): Comparisons with marine bivalves. Can J Zool 72:
1169–1179
Agawin NSR and Duarte CM (2002) Evidence of direct particle
trapping by a tropical seagrass meadow. Estuaries 25: 1205–
1209
Almasi MN, Hoskin CM, Reed JK and Milo J (1987) Effects
of natural and artificial Thalassia on rates of sedimentation. J
Sedimentary Petrology 57: 901–906
Arber A (1920) Water Plants, A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bach SD, Thayer GW and Lacroix MW (1986) Export of detritus from eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds near Beaufort, North
Carolina, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 28: 265–278
Baldwin JR and Lovvorn JR (1994) Expansion of seagrass habitat
by the exotic Zostera japonica, and its use by dabbling ducks
and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 103: 119–127
Bandeira SO (2002) Leaf production rates of Thalassodendron
ciliatum from rocky and sandy habitats. Aquat Bot 72: 13–24
Bandeira SO and Nilsson PG (2001) Genetic population structure
of the seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum in sandy and rocky
habitats in southern Mozambique. Mar Biol 139: 1007–1012
Beer S and Koch EW (1996) Photosynthesis of seagrasses vs.
marine macroalgae in globally changing CO 2 environments.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 141: 199–204
Bell SS, Robbins BD and Jensen SL (1999) Gap dynamics in a
seagrass landscape. Ecosystems 2: 493–504
Ben Alaya H (1972) Repartition et conditions d’installation de
Posidonia oceanica et Cymodocea nodosa dans le golfe de
Tunis. Bull Inst Natl Sci Tech Oceanogr Peche Salammbo 2:
331–416
Biggs BJF (1996) Hydraulic habitat of plants in streams. Regulated Rivers Res Manag 12: 131–144
Birch WR and Birch M (1984) Succession and pattern of tropical
intertidal seagrasses in Cockle Bay, Queensland, Australia: A
decade of observations. Aquat Bot 19: 343–367
Borowitzka MA and Lethbridge RC (1989) Seagrass epiphytes.
In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 458–499. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Boudouresque CF and de Grissac J (1983) Seagrass populations
(Posidonia oceanica) in the Mediterranean: Interactions between plants and sediments. J de Recherch´ e Oceanographique.
Paris 8: 99–122
Boudreau BP and Jørgensen BB (2001) The Benthic Boundary
Layer. Oxford University Press, New York
Bridgwood SD (2002) The structure and function of windrows in
meadows of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa. Honours Thesis,
Murdoch University
Bulthuis D, Brand GW and Mobley MC (1984) Suspended sediments and nutrients in water ebbing from grass-covered and
denuded tidal mudflats in an Australian embayment. Aquat
Bot 20: 257–266
Cambridge ML (1975) Seagrasses of south-western Australia
with special reference to the ecology of Posidonia australis in
a polluted environment. Aquat Bot 1: 149–161
Cambridge ML (1979) Technical report on seagrasses. Department of Conservation and Environment, Perth, Western
Australia, Cockborn Sound Environmental Study Report 7:
100 pp
Cebrian J and Duarte CM (2001) Detrital stocks and dynamics of
the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Spanish Mediterranean.
Aquat Bot 70: 295–309
219
and are influenced by, water flow. Vegetated flows
are amongst the most complicated and least understood types of water flow which makes this subject
a great gateway for exciting new developments and
advancements in science.
Acknowledgments
Dr. Heidi Nepf, Dr. Mark Fonseca, and an anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments on an
earlier draft of the manuscript. Evamaria Koch would
like to thank the Cooperative Institute for Coastal
and Estuarine Environmental Technology (CICEET)
for financial support to collect the data presented in
Fig. 7. Joe Ackerman would like to acknowledge the
support of funds from NSERC and the Canada Research Chair program. Tracey Saxby is thanked for
making the figures for this chapter.
References
Abdelrham MA (2003) Effects of eelgrass Zostera marina
canopies on flow and transport. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 248: 67–83
Abelson A and Denny M (1997) Settlement of marine organisms
in flow. Annu Rev Ecol Systematics 28: 317–39
Ackerman JD (1986) Mechanistic implications for pollination
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 24:
343–353
Ackerman JD (1993) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 46:
189–202
Ackerman JD (1995) Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in seagrasses: Functional mechanisms. Evol Ecol 9: 139–
153
Ackerman JD (1997a) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part I. The influence of floral morphology on fluid flow. Am J Bot 84: 1099–1109
Ackerman JD (1997b) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part II. Pollen transport in flow
fields and capture by stigmas. Am J Bot 84: 1110–1119
Ackerman JD (2000) Abiotic pollen and pollination: Ecological,
functional, and evolutionary perspectives. Plant Systematics
Evol 222: 167–185
Ackerman JD (2002) Diffusivity in a marine macrophyte bed:
Implications for submarine pollination and dispersal. Am J
Bot 89: 1119–1127
Ackerman JD and Hoover T (2001) Measurement of local bed
shear stress in streams using a Preston-static tube. Limnol
Oceanogr 46: 2080–2087
Ackerman JD and Okubo A (1993) Reduced mixing in a marine
macrophyte canopy. Funct Ecol 7: 305–309
Ackerman JD, Sim B, Nichols SJ and Claudi R (1994) A review
of the early life history of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): Comparisons with marine bivalves. Can J Zool 72:
1169–1179
Agawin NSR and Duarte CM (2002) Evidence of direct particle
trapping by a tropical seagrass meadow. Estuaries 25: 1205–
1209
Almasi MN, Hoskin CM, Reed JK and Milo J (1987) Effects
of natural and artificial Thalassia on rates of sedimentation. J
Sedimentary Petrology 57: 901–906
Arber A (1920) Water Plants, A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bach SD, Thayer GW and Lacroix MW (1986) Export of detritus from eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds near Beaufort, North
Carolina, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 28: 265–278
Baldwin JR and Lovvorn JR (1994) Expansion of seagrass habitat
by the exotic Zostera japonica, and its use by dabbling ducks
and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 103: 119–127
Bandeira SO (2002) Leaf production rates of Thalassodendron
ciliatum from rocky and sandy habitats. Aquat Bot 72: 13–24
Bandeira SO and Nilsson PG (2001) Genetic population structure
of the seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum in sandy and rocky
habitats in southern Mozambique. Mar Biol 139: 1007–1012
Beer S and Koch EW (1996) Photosynthesis of seagrasses vs.
marine macroalgae in globally changing CO 2 environments.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 141: 199–204
Bell SS, Robbins BD and Jensen SL (1999) Gap dynamics in a
seagrass landscape. Ecosystems 2: 493–504
Ben Alaya H (1972) Repartition et conditions d’installation de
Posidonia oceanica et Cymodocea nodosa dans le golfe de
Tunis. Bull Inst Natl Sci Tech Oceanogr Peche Salammbo 2:
331–416
Biggs BJF (1996) Hydraulic habitat of plants in streams. Regulated Rivers Res Manag 12: 131–144
Birch WR and Birch M (1984) Succession and pattern of tropical
intertidal seagrasses in Cockle Bay, Queensland, Australia: A
decade of observations. Aquat Bot 19: 343–367
Borowitzka MA and Lethbridge RC (1989) Seagrass epiphytes.
In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 458–499. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Boudouresque CF and de Grissac J (1983) Seagrass populations
(Posidonia oceanica) in the Mediterranean: Interactions between plants and sediments. J de Recherch´ e Oceanographique.
Paris 8: 99–122
Boudreau BP and Jørgensen BB (2001) The Benthic Boundary
Layer. Oxford University Press, New York
Bridgwood SD (2002) The structure and function of windrows in
meadows of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa. Honours Thesis,
Murdoch University
Bulthuis D, Brand GW and Mobley MC (1984) Suspended sediments and nutrients in water ebbing from grass-covered and
denuded tidal mudflats in an Australian embayment. Aquat
Bot 20: 257–266
Cambridge ML (1975) Seagrasses of south-western Australia
with special reference to the ecology of Posidonia australis in
a polluted environment. Aquat Bot 1: 149–161
Cambridge ML (1979) Technical report on seagrasses. Department of Conservation and Environment, Perth, Western
Australia, Cockborn Sound Environmental Study Report 7:
100 pp
Cebrian J and Duarte CM (2001) Detrital stocks and dynamics of
the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Spanish Mediterranean.
Aquat Bot 70: 295–309