Chapter 4 Seagrass Sexual Reproduction
107
Faegri K and van der Pijl L (1979) The Principles of Pollination
Ecology. 3rd Revised Edition. Pergamon Press, New York
Forgacs OL and Mason SG (1958) The flexibility of wood-pulp
fibers. TAPPI 41: 695–704
Goldsmith HL and Mason SG (1967) The microrheology of dispersions. In: Eirich FR (ed) Rheology Theory and Application,
Vol 4, pp 85–250. Academic Press, New York
Grace JB (1993) The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction
in angiosperms: An aquatic perspective. Aquat Bot 44: 159–
180
Guo Y-H, Sperry R, Cook CDK and Cox PA (1990) The pollination ecology of Zannichellia palustris L. (Zannichelliaceae).
Aquat Bot 38: 341–356
Harada I (1948) Nuclear type and formation of filament-like
pollen in Zostera. Jap J Genet 23: 13–14
Harwell MC and Orth RJ (2002) Long-distance dispersal potential in a marine macrophyte. Ecology 83: 3319–3330
Hay F, Probert R, Marro J and Dawson M (2000) Towards
the ex situ conservation of aquatic angiosperms: A review
of seed storage behaviour. In: Black M, KJ Bradford and J
Vazquez-Ramos (eds) Seed Biology, Advances and Applications, pp 161–177. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Herbert DA (1986) Staminate flowers of Halophila hawaiiana:
Description and notes on its flowering ecology. Aquat Bot 25:
97–102
Hofmeister W (1852) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte de Zostera.
Bot Zeit 10: 121–131
Huang S-Q, Guo Y-H, Robert GW, Shi Y-H and Sun K
(2001) Mechanism of underwater pollination in Najas marina
(Najadaceae). Aquat Bot 70: 67–78
Inglis GJ (2000) Disturbance-related heterogeneity in the seed
banks of a marine angiosperm. J Ecol 88: 88–99
Iwanami Y, Sasakuma T and Yamada Y (1988) Pollen: Illustrations and Scanning Electronmicrographs. Springer Verlag,
Berlin
Jackson JBC, Buss LW and Cook RE (1985) Population Biology
and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Yale University Press,
New Haven
Johansen, DA (1940) Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill, New
York
Johnson EA and Williams SL (1982) Sexual reproduction in
seagrasses: Reports for five Caribbean species with details for
Halodule wrightii Aschers. and Syringodium filiforme K¨ utz.
Carib J Sci 18: 61–70
Kalff J (2002) Limnology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Kamermans P, Hemminga MA, Marb` a N, Mateo MA, Mtolera M
and Stapel J (2001) Leaf production, shoot demography, and
flowering of Thalassodendron ciliatum along the east African
coast. Aquat Bot 70: 243–258
Kausik SB (1940) A contribution to the embryology of
Enalus acoroides (L.fil.) Steud. Proc Indian Acad Sci B 11:
83–99
Kausik SB (1941) Structure and development of the staminate
flower and the male gametophyte of Enalus acoroides. Proc
Indian Acad Sci B 14: 1–16
Kausik SB and Rao PKV (1942) The male gametophyte of
Halophila ovata Gaudich. Half-yrly J Mys Univ 3: 41–49
Keddy J and Patriquin DG (1978) An annual form of eelgrass in
Nova Scotia. Aquat Bot 5: 163–170
K¨ onig C (1805) VII. On the flowering of Zostera oceanica Linn.
by Philip Cavolini, of Naples. K¨ onig & Sims Ann Bot 2: 77–91
Kuo J and McComb AJ (1989) Seagrass taxonomy, structure and
development. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd
SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 6–73. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kuo J and den Hartog C (2001) Seagrass taxonomy and identification key. In: Short FT and Coles RG (eds) Global Seagrass
Research Methods, pp 31–58. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1987) Floral and seedling morphology
and anatomy of Thalassodendron pachyrhizum den Hartog
(Cymodoceaceae). Aquat Bot 29: 1–17
Lacap CDA, Vermaat JE, Roll´ on RN and Nacorda HM (2002)
Propagule dispersal of the SE Asian seagrasses Enhalus
acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 235:
75–80
Larkum AWD and den Hartog C (1989) Evolution and biogeography of seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ
and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 143–165,
Elsevier, Amsterdam
Les DH, Clelad MA and Waycott MA (1997) Phylogenetic studies in Alismatidae, II: Evolution of marine angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily. Syst Bot 22: 443–463
Les DH, Moody ML, Jacobs SWL and Bayer (2002) Systematics
of seagrasses (Zosteraceae) in Australia and New Zealand.
Syst Bot 27: 468–484
McConchie CA (1982) The diversity of hydrophilous pollination
in monocotyledons. In: Williams EG, Knox RB, Gilbert JH and
Bernhardt P (eds) Pollination ’82, pp 148–165. University of
Melbourne, Melbourne
McConchie CA and Knox RB (1989a) Pollination and reproductive biology of seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ
and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 74–111.
Elsevier, Amsterdam
McConchie CA and Knox RB (1989b). Pollen-stigma interaction in the seagrass Posidonia australis. Ann Bot 63: 235–
248
McMillan C (1989) Timing of anthesis for staminate flowers of
Halophila engelmannii Aschers. from Texas and Halophila
decipiens Ostenfeld from Panama. Aquat Bot 33: 141–147
McMillan C and Jewett-Smith J (1988) The sex ratio and fruit
production of laboratory-germinated seedlings of Halophila
engelmannii Aschers. (Hydrocharitaceae) from Redfish Bay,
Texas. Aquat Bot 32: 329–339
Meling-Lopez AE and Ibarra-Obando SE (1999) Annual life
cycles of two Zostera marina populations in the Gulf of California: Contrasts in seasonality and reproductive effort. Aquat
Bot 65: 59–69
Niklas KJ (1992) Plant Biomechanics. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago
Niklas KJ (1997) The Evolutionary Biology of Plants. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago
Nixon SW (1988) Physical energy inputs and the comparative
ecology of lake and marine ecosystems. Limnol Oceanogr 33:
1005–1025
Obeso JR (2002) The costs of reproduction in plants. New Phytol
155: 321–348
Okubo A, Ackerman JD and Swaney DP (2002) Passive diffusion
in ecosystems. In: Okubo A and Levin S (eds) Diffusion and
Ecological Problems: New Perspectives, pp 31–106. Springer
Verlag, New York
Olesen B (1999) Reproduction in Danish eelgrass (Zostera marina L) stands: Size dependence and biomass partitioning.
Aquat Bot 65: 209–219
107
Faegri K and van der Pijl L (1979) The Principles of Pollination
Ecology. 3rd Revised Edition. Pergamon Press, New York
Forgacs OL and Mason SG (1958) The flexibility of wood-pulp
fibers. TAPPI 41: 695–704
Goldsmith HL and Mason SG (1967) The microrheology of dispersions. In: Eirich FR (ed) Rheology Theory and Application,
Vol 4, pp 85–250. Academic Press, New York
Grace JB (1993) The adaptive significance of clonal reproduction
in angiosperms: An aquatic perspective. Aquat Bot 44: 159–
180
Guo Y-H, Sperry R, Cook CDK and Cox PA (1990) The pollination ecology of Zannichellia palustris L. (Zannichelliaceae).
Aquat Bot 38: 341–356
Harada I (1948) Nuclear type and formation of filament-like
pollen in Zostera. Jap J Genet 23: 13–14
Harwell MC and Orth RJ (2002) Long-distance dispersal potential in a marine macrophyte. Ecology 83: 3319–3330
Hay F, Probert R, Marro J and Dawson M (2000) Towards
the ex situ conservation of aquatic angiosperms: A review
of seed storage behaviour. In: Black M, KJ Bradford and J
Vazquez-Ramos (eds) Seed Biology, Advances and Applications, pp 161–177. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Herbert DA (1986) Staminate flowers of Halophila hawaiiana:
Description and notes on its flowering ecology. Aquat Bot 25:
97–102
Hofmeister W (1852) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte de Zostera.
Bot Zeit 10: 121–131
Huang S-Q, Guo Y-H, Robert GW, Shi Y-H and Sun K
(2001) Mechanism of underwater pollination in Najas marina
(Najadaceae). Aquat Bot 70: 67–78
Inglis GJ (2000) Disturbance-related heterogeneity in the seed
banks of a marine angiosperm. J Ecol 88: 88–99
Iwanami Y, Sasakuma T and Yamada Y (1988) Pollen: Illustrations and Scanning Electronmicrographs. Springer Verlag,
Berlin
Jackson JBC, Buss LW and Cook RE (1985) Population Biology
and Evolution of Clonal Organisms. Yale University Press,
New Haven
Johansen, DA (1940) Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill, New
York
Johnson EA and Williams SL (1982) Sexual reproduction in
seagrasses: Reports for five Caribbean species with details for
Halodule wrightii Aschers. and Syringodium filiforme K¨ utz.
Carib J Sci 18: 61–70
Kalff J (2002) Limnology. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Kamermans P, Hemminga MA, Marb` a N, Mateo MA, Mtolera M
and Stapel J (2001) Leaf production, shoot demography, and
flowering of Thalassodendron ciliatum along the east African
coast. Aquat Bot 70: 243–258
Kausik SB (1940) A contribution to the embryology of
Enalus acoroides (L.fil.) Steud. Proc Indian Acad Sci B 11:
83–99
Kausik SB (1941) Structure and development of the staminate
flower and the male gametophyte of Enalus acoroides. Proc
Indian Acad Sci B 14: 1–16
Kausik SB and Rao PKV (1942) The male gametophyte of
Halophila ovata Gaudich. Half-yrly J Mys Univ 3: 41–49
Keddy J and Patriquin DG (1978) An annual form of eelgrass in
Nova Scotia. Aquat Bot 5: 163–170
K¨ onig C (1805) VII. On the flowering of Zostera oceanica Linn.
by Philip Cavolini, of Naples. K¨ onig & Sims Ann Bot 2: 77–91
Kuo J and McComb AJ (1989) Seagrass taxonomy, structure and
development. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd
SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 6–73. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kuo J and den Hartog C (2001) Seagrass taxonomy and identification key. In: Short FT and Coles RG (eds) Global Seagrass
Research Methods, pp 31–58. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1987) Floral and seedling morphology
and anatomy of Thalassodendron pachyrhizum den Hartog
(Cymodoceaceae). Aquat Bot 29: 1–17
Lacap CDA, Vermaat JE, Roll´ on RN and Nacorda HM (2002)
Propagule dispersal of the SE Asian seagrasses Enhalus
acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 235:
75–80
Larkum AWD and den Hartog C (1989) Evolution and biogeography of seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ
and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 143–165,
Elsevier, Amsterdam
Les DH, Clelad MA and Waycott MA (1997) Phylogenetic studies in Alismatidae, II: Evolution of marine angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily. Syst Bot 22: 443–463
Les DH, Moody ML, Jacobs SWL and Bayer (2002) Systematics
of seagrasses (Zosteraceae) in Australia and New Zealand.
Syst Bot 27: 468–484
McConchie CA (1982) The diversity of hydrophilous pollination
in monocotyledons. In: Williams EG, Knox RB, Gilbert JH and
Bernhardt P (eds) Pollination ’82, pp 148–165. University of
Melbourne, Melbourne
McConchie CA and Knox RB (1989a) Pollination and reproductive biology of seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ
and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses, pp 74–111.
Elsevier, Amsterdam
McConchie CA and Knox RB (1989b). Pollen-stigma interaction in the seagrass Posidonia australis. Ann Bot 63: 235–
248
McMillan C (1989) Timing of anthesis for staminate flowers of
Halophila engelmannii Aschers. from Texas and Halophila
decipiens Ostenfeld from Panama. Aquat Bot 33: 141–147
McMillan C and Jewett-Smith J (1988) The sex ratio and fruit
production of laboratory-germinated seedlings of Halophila
engelmannii Aschers. (Hydrocharitaceae) from Redfish Bay,
Texas. Aquat Bot 32: 329–339
Meling-Lopez AE and Ibarra-Obando SE (1999) Annual life
cycles of two Zostera marina populations in the Gulf of California: Contrasts in seasonality and reproductive effort. Aquat
Bot 65: 59–69
Niklas KJ (1992) Plant Biomechanics. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago
Niklas KJ (1997) The Evolutionary Biology of Plants. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago
Nixon SW (1988) Physical energy inputs and the comparative
ecology of lake and marine ecosystems. Limnol Oceanogr 33:
1005–1025
Obeso JR (2002) The costs of reproduction in plants. New Phytol
155: 321–348
Okubo A, Ackerman JD and Swaney DP (2002) Passive diffusion
in ecosystems. In: Okubo A and Levin S (eds) Diffusion and
Ecological Problems: New Perspectives, pp 31–106. Springer
Verlag, New York
Olesen B (1999) Reproduction in Danish eelgrass (Zostera marina L) stands: Size dependence and biomass partitioning.
Aquat Bot 65: 209–219