106
Josef Daniel Ackerman
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the editors for the invitation to
contribute to this volume, Heather Varaleau for her
assistance in compiling data, and Simon Goring, Julianne Trelenberg, and especially Professor C.D.K.
Cook for commenting on the manuscript. This work
was supported by research funds from NSERC.
References
Ackerman JD (1986) Mechanistic implications for pollination
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 24:
343–353
Ackerman JD (1993) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 46:
189–202
Ackerman JD (1995) Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in seagrasses: Functional mechanisms. Evol Ecol 9: 139–
153
Ackerman JD (1997a) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part I. The influence of floral morphology on fluid flow. Amer J Bot 84: 1099–1109
Ackerman JD (1997b) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part II. Pollen transport in flow
fields and capture by stigmas. Amer J Bot 84: 1110–1119
Ackerman JD (1998) Is the limited diversity of higher plants in
marine systems due to biophysical limitations for reproduction
or evolutionary and physiological constraints? Funct Ecol 12:
979–982
Ackerman JD (2000) Abiotic pollen and pollination: Ecological,
functional, and evolutionary perspectives. Plant Syst Evol 222:
167–185
Ackerman JD (2002) Diffusivity in a marine macrophyte bed:
Implications for submarine pollination and dispersal. Amer J
Bot 89: 1119–1127
Ackerman JD and Okubo A (1993) Reduced mixing in a marine
macrophyte canopy. Funct Ecol 7: 305–309
Addy CE (1947) Germination of eelgrass seed. J Wildlife Manag
11: 279
Arber A (1920) Water Plants. Cambridge University Press.
Reprinted 1972 by Verlag Von J. Cramer, Lehre
Baldwin JR and Lovvorn JR (1994) Expansion of seagrass habitat
by the exotic Zostera japonica, and its use by dabbling ducks
and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Mar Ecol Progr
Ser 103: 119–127
Balestri V and Cinelli F (2003) Sexual reproductive success in
Posidonia oceanica. Aquat Bot 75: 21–32
Balestri V, Piazzi L and Cinelli F (1998) In vitro germination and
seedling development of Posidonia oceanica. Aquat Bot 60:
83–93
Balfour B (1879) On the genus Halophila. Trans Bot Soc Edin
13: 290–343 (+5 plates)
Black JM (1913) The flowering and fruiting of Pectinella antarctica (Cymodocea antarctica). Trans Roy Soc South Australia
37: 1–5
Bornet DM (1864) Recherches sur le Phucagrostis major Cavol.
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot (Sr. 5) 1: 5–51 (+11 plates)
Bowman HHM (1922) The distribution and pollination of certain
sea-grasses. Mich Acad Sci Papers 22: 3–10 (+4 plates)
Buia MC and Mazzella L (1991) Reproductive phenology of the
Mediterranean seagrasses Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Aschers., and Zostera noltii Hornem.
Aquat Bot 40: 343–362
Cambridge ML, Carstairs SA and Kuo J (1983) An unusual
method of vegetative propagation in Australian Zosteraceae.
Aquat Bot 15: 201–203
Campbell ML (2003) Recruitment and colonisation of vegetative fragments of Posidonia australis and Posidonia coriacea.
Aquat Bot 76: 175–184
Campey ML, Kendrick GA and Walker DI (2002) Interannual
and small-scale spatial variability in sexual reproduction of the
seagrasses Posidonia coriacea and Heterozostera tasmanica,
southwestern Australia. Aquat Bot 74: 287–297
Charlesworth D (1993) Why are unisexual flowers associated
with wind pollination and unspecialized pollinators? Am Nat
141: 481–490
Churchill AC (1983) Field studies on seed germination and
seedling development in Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 16:
21–29
Churchill AC, Nieves G and Brenowitz AH (1985) Floatation
and dispersal of eelgrass seeds by gas bubbles. Estuaries 8:
352–354
Clavaud MA (1878) Sur le v´ eritable mode de f´ econdation du
Zostera marina. Actes Soc Linn Bordeaux 32: 109–115
Cook CDK (1987) Dispersion in aquatic and amphibious vascular plants. In: Crawford RMM (ed) Plant Life in Aquatic
Amphibious Habitats, pp 179–190. Blackwell, Oxford
Cook CDK (1988) Wind pollination in aquatic angiosperms. Ann
Missouri Bot Gard 75: 768–777
Cook CDK (1996a) The Aquatic Plant Book. SPB Academic
Publishing, New York
Cook CDK (1996b) Aquatic and Wetland Plants of India. Oxford
University Press, Oxford
Cook CDK (1998) The number and kinds of embryo-bearing
plants which have become aquatic. Persp Plant Ecol Evol Syst
2: 79–102
Cox PA (1988) Hydrophilous pollination. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 19:
261–280
Dawes CJ (1998) Marine Botany. 2nd Ed. J Wiley & Sons, New
York
de Cock AWAM (1978) Germination of the threadlike pollengrains of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Soc Bot Fr Actual
Bot 1–2: 145–148
de Cock AWAM (1980) Flowering, pollination and fruiting in
Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 9: 201–220
den Hartog C (1970) The Seagrass of the World. North Holland,
Amsterdam
Ducker SC and Knox RB (1976) Submarine pollination in seagrasses. Nature 263: 705–706
Ducker SC, Pettitt JM and Knox RB (1978) Biology of Australian seagrasses: Pollen development and submarine pollination in Amphibolis antarctica and Thalassodendron ciliatum
(Cymodoceaceae). Aust J Bot 26: 265–285
Dudley WR (1893) The genus Phyllospadix. In: The Wilder
Quarter-Century Book, pp 403–420 +2 plates. Comstock
Press, Ithaca
Esau K (1977) Anatomy of Seed Plants. 2nd Ed., p 550. J Wiley,
New York
Josef Daniel Ackerman
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the editors for the invitation to
contribute to this volume, Heather Varaleau for her
assistance in compiling data, and Simon Goring, Julianne Trelenberg, and especially Professor C.D.K.
Cook for commenting on the manuscript. This work
was supported by research funds from NSERC.
References
Ackerman JD (1986) Mechanistic implications for pollination
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 24:
343–353
Ackerman JD (1993) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 46:
189–202
Ackerman JD (1995) Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in seagrasses: Functional mechanisms. Evol Ecol 9: 139–
153
Ackerman JD (1997a) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part I. The influence of floral morphology on fluid flow. Amer J Bot 84: 1099–1109
Ackerman JD (1997b) Submarine pollination in the marine angiosperm, Zostera marina: Part II. Pollen transport in flow
fields and capture by stigmas. Amer J Bot 84: 1110–1119
Ackerman JD (1998) Is the limited diversity of higher plants in
marine systems due to biophysical limitations for reproduction
or evolutionary and physiological constraints? Funct Ecol 12:
979–982
Ackerman JD (2000) Abiotic pollen and pollination: Ecological,
functional, and evolutionary perspectives. Plant Syst Evol 222:
167–185
Ackerman JD (2002) Diffusivity in a marine macrophyte bed:
Implications for submarine pollination and dispersal. Amer J
Bot 89: 1119–1127
Ackerman JD and Okubo A (1993) Reduced mixing in a marine
macrophyte canopy. Funct Ecol 7: 305–309
Addy CE (1947) Germination of eelgrass seed. J Wildlife Manag
11: 279
Arber A (1920) Water Plants. Cambridge University Press.
Reprinted 1972 by Verlag Von J. Cramer, Lehre
Baldwin JR and Lovvorn JR (1994) Expansion of seagrass habitat
by the exotic Zostera japonica, and its use by dabbling ducks
and brant in Boundary Bay, British Columbia. Mar Ecol Progr
Ser 103: 119–127
Balestri V and Cinelli F (2003) Sexual reproductive success in
Posidonia oceanica. Aquat Bot 75: 21–32
Balestri V, Piazzi L and Cinelli F (1998) In vitro germination and
seedling development of Posidonia oceanica. Aquat Bot 60:
83–93
Balfour B (1879) On the genus Halophila. Trans Bot Soc Edin
13: 290–343 (+5 plates)
Black JM (1913) The flowering and fruiting of Pectinella antarctica (Cymodocea antarctica). Trans Roy Soc South Australia
37: 1–5
Bornet DM (1864) Recherches sur le Phucagrostis major Cavol.
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot (Sr. 5) 1: 5–51 (+11 plates)
Bowman HHM (1922) The distribution and pollination of certain
sea-grasses. Mich Acad Sci Papers 22: 3–10 (+4 plates)
Buia MC and Mazzella L (1991) Reproductive phenology of the
Mediterranean seagrasses Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Aschers., and Zostera noltii Hornem.
Aquat Bot 40: 343–362
Cambridge ML, Carstairs SA and Kuo J (1983) An unusual
method of vegetative propagation in Australian Zosteraceae.
Aquat Bot 15: 201–203
Campbell ML (2003) Recruitment and colonisation of vegetative fragments of Posidonia australis and Posidonia coriacea.
Aquat Bot 76: 175–184
Campey ML, Kendrick GA and Walker DI (2002) Interannual
and small-scale spatial variability in sexual reproduction of the
seagrasses Posidonia coriacea and Heterozostera tasmanica,
southwestern Australia. Aquat Bot 74: 287–297
Charlesworth D (1993) Why are unisexual flowers associated
with wind pollination and unspecialized pollinators? Am Nat
141: 481–490
Churchill AC (1983) Field studies on seed germination and
seedling development in Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 16:
21–29
Churchill AC, Nieves G and Brenowitz AH (1985) Floatation
and dispersal of eelgrass seeds by gas bubbles. Estuaries 8:
352–354
Clavaud MA (1878) Sur le v´ eritable mode de f´ econdation du
Zostera marina. Actes Soc Linn Bordeaux 32: 109–115
Cook CDK (1987) Dispersion in aquatic and amphibious vascular plants. In: Crawford RMM (ed) Plant Life in Aquatic
Amphibious Habitats, pp 179–190. Blackwell, Oxford
Cook CDK (1988) Wind pollination in aquatic angiosperms. Ann
Missouri Bot Gard 75: 768–777
Cook CDK (1996a) The Aquatic Plant Book. SPB Academic
Publishing, New York
Cook CDK (1996b) Aquatic and Wetland Plants of India. Oxford
University Press, Oxford
Cook CDK (1998) The number and kinds of embryo-bearing
plants which have become aquatic. Persp Plant Ecol Evol Syst
2: 79–102
Cox PA (1988) Hydrophilous pollination. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 19:
261–280
Dawes CJ (1998) Marine Botany. 2nd Ed. J Wiley & Sons, New
York
de Cock AWAM (1978) Germination of the threadlike pollengrains of the seagrass Zostera marina L. Soc Bot Fr Actual
Bot 1–2: 145–148
de Cock AWAM (1980) Flowering, pollination and fruiting in
Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 9: 201–220
den Hartog C (1970) The Seagrass of the World. North Holland,
Amsterdam
Ducker SC and Knox RB (1976) Submarine pollination in seagrasses. Nature 263: 705–706
Ducker SC, Pettitt JM and Knox RB (1978) Biology of Australian seagrasses: Pollen development and submarine pollination in Amphibolis antarctica and Thalassodendron ciliatum
(Cymodoceaceae). Aust J Bot 26: 265–285
Dudley WR (1893) The genus Phyllospadix. In: The Wilder
Quarter-Century Book, pp 403–420 +2 plates. Comstock
Press, Ithaca
Esau K (1977) Anatomy of Seed Plants. 2nd Ed., p 550. J Wiley,
New York