Kawai H, Maeba S, Sasaki H, Okuda K, Henry EC (2003) Schizocladia
ischiensis: a new filamentous marine chromophyte belonging to a
new class, Schizocladiophyceae. Protist 154:211–228
Keeling PJ (2008) Bridge over troublesome plastids. Nature 451:896–897
Kim OTP, Yura K, Go N, Harumoto T (2005) Newly sequenced eRF1s
from ciliates: the diversity of stop codon usage and the molecular
surfaces that are important for stop codon interactions. Gene
346:277–286
Kim E, Harrison JW, Sudek S, Jones MDM, Wilcox HM, Richards TA,
Worden AZ, Archibald JM (2011a) Newly identified and diverse
plastid-bearing branch on the eukaryotic tree of life. Proc Natl Acad
Sci 108(4):1496–1500
Kim E, Harrison JW, Sudek S, Jones MD, Wilcox HM, Richards TA,
Worden AZ, Archibald JM (2011b) Newly identified and diverse
plastid-bearing branch on the eukaryotic tree of life. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 108:1496–1500
Kling SA, Boltovskoy D (2002) What are radiolarians? http://www.
radiolarian.org
Kokinos JP, Eglinton TI, Goni MA, Boon JA, Martoglio PA, Anderson
DM (1998) Characterization of a highly resistant biomacromolecular material in the cell wall of a marine dinoflagellate cyst.
Org Geochem 28:265–288
Kramarsky-Winter E, Harel M, Siboni N, Ben Dov E, Brickner I, Loya
Y, Kushmaro A (2006) Identification of a protist-coral association
and its possible ecological role. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 317:67–73
Kroken S, Taylor JW (2000) Phylogenetic species, reproductive mode,
and specificity of the green alga Trebouxia forming lichens with the
fungal genus Lethraria. Bryologist 103:645–660
Lafferty KD (2006) Can the common brain parasite, Toxoplasma gondii,
influence human culture? Proc Roy Soc Lond B 273:2749–2755
Lara E, Moreira D, Vereshchaka A, Lo ´pez-Garcı ´a P (2009)
Pan-oceanic distribution of new highly diverse clades of deep-se
diplonemids. Environ Microbiol 11(1):47–65
Larsson R (2009) Cytology and taxonomy of the microsporidia. http://
www.cob.lu.se/microsporidia
Lass-Flo ¨rl C, Mayr A (2007) Human protothecosis. Clin Microbiol Rev
20(230):242
Leadbeater BSC (1989) The phylogenetic significance of flagellar hairs
in the Chromophyta. In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver WL
(eds) The chromophyte algae. Problems and perspectives.
Clarendon, London, pp 145–165
Leander BS, Saldarriaga JF, Keeling PJ (2002) Surface morphology of
the marine parasite Haplozoon axiothellae Siebert (Dinoflagellata).
Eur J Protistol 38:287–297
Le Calvez J (1953) Ordre des Foraminife `res. In: Grasse ´ PP (ed)
Traite ´ de zoologie. Anatomie, syste ´matique, biologie, Tome I.
Protozoaires: Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies. Fascicule II. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp 149–265
Lecointre G, Le Guyader H (2006) Classification phyloge ´ne ´tique du
vivant, 3rd edn. Belin, Paris
Lecroq B, Lejzerowicz F, Bachar D, Christen R, Esling P, Baerlocher
L, Østeras M, Farinelli L, Pawlowski J (2011) Ultra-deep sequencing of foraminiferal microbarcodes unveils hidden richness of early
monothalamous lineages in deep-sea sediments. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 108:13 177–13 182
Lee SC, Corradi N, Byrnes EJ III, Torres-Martinez S, Dietrich FS,
Keeling PJ, Heitman J (2008) Microsporidia evolved from ancestral
sexual Fungi. Curr Biol 18:1675–1679
Lefe `vre E, Bardot C, Noe ¨l C, Carrias JF, Viscogliosi E, Amblard C,
Sime-Ngando T (2007) Unveiling fungal zooflagellates as members
of freshwater pico-eucaryotes: evidence from a molecular diversity
study in a deep meromictic lake. Environ Microbiol 9:61–71
Lejzerowicz F, Pawlowski J, Fraissinet-Tachet L, Marmeisse R (2010)
Molecular evidence for widespread occurrence of Foraminifera in
soils. Environ Microbiol 12(9):2518–2526
Lejzerowicz F, Esling P, Majewski W, Szczucinski W, Decelle J,
Obadia C, Martinez Arbizu P, Pawlowski J (2013) Ancient DNA
complements microfossil record in deep-sea subsurface sediments.
Biol Lett (in press)
Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche
CF, De Clerck O (2012) Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the
green algae. Crit Rev Plant Sci 31:1–46
Lemieux C, Otis C, Turmel M (2000) Ancestral chloroplast genome in
Mesostigma viride reveals an early branch of green plant evolution.
Nature 403:649–652
Liao QY, Li J, Zhang JH, Li M, Lu Y, Xu RL (2009) An ecological
analysis of soil sarcodina at Dongzhaigang mangrove in Hainan
Island, China. Eur J Soil Biol 45:214–219
Lindberg K, Moestrup O, Daugbjerg N (2005) Studies on
wolozynskioid dinoflagellates I:Wolozynskia coronate re-examined
using light and electron microscopy and partial LSU rDNA
sequences, with description of Tovellia gen. nov. and Jadwigia
gen. nov. (Tovelliaceae fam. nov.). Phycologia 44:416–440
Litaker RW, Vandersea RW, Faust MA, Kibler SR, Chinain M,
Holmes MJ, Holland WC, Tester PA (2009) Taxonomy of
Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus
caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri
and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae).
Phycologia 48(5):344–390
Littler MM, Littler DS, Blair SM, Norris JN (1985) Deepest known
plant life discovered on an uncharted seamount. Science
227:57–59
Liu YJ, Hodson MC, Hall BD (2006) Loss of the flagellum happened
only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of kingdom
Fungi inferred from RNA polymerase II subunit genes. BMC Evol
Biol 6:1–13
Loftus B, Anderson I, Davies RU, Alsmark CM, Samuelson J, Amedeo
P et al (2005) The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba
histolytica. Nature 433:865–868
Logares R, Audic S, Santini S, Pernice MC, de Vargas C, Massana R
(2012) Diversity patterns and activity of uncultured marine heterotrophic flagellates unveiled with pyrosequencing. ISME J
6:1823–1833
Logsdon JM Jr (2007) Evolutionary genetics: sex happens in Giardia.
Curr Biol 18:R66–R68
Lo ´pez-Garcı ´a P, Philippe H, Gail F, Moreira D (2003) Autochthonous
eukaryotic diversity in hydrothermal sediment and experimental
microcolonizers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 100:697–702
Macinnes MA, Francis D (1974) Meiosis in Dictyostelium mucoroides.
Nature 251:321–324
Maldonado M, Lo ´pez-Acosta M, Sitja ` C, Aguilar R, Garcı ´a S, Vacelet J
(2013) A giant foraminifer that converges to the feeding strategy of
carnivorous sponges: Spiculosiphon oceana sp. nov. (Foraminifera,
Astrorhizida). Zootaxa 3669(4):571–584
Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM Jr
(2008) An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides
evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis. PLoS One 3:1–13
Margulis L, Dolan MF (1997) Swimming against the current. In:
Margulis L, Sagan D (eds) Slanted truths. Copernicus Publ,
New York, pp 47–58
Martone PT, Estevez JM, Lu F, Ruel K, Denny MW, Somerville C,
Ralph J (2009) Discovery of lignin in seaweed reveals convergent
evolution of cell-wall architecture. Curr Biol 19:169–175
Massana R, Terrado R, Forn I, Lovejoy C, Pedro ´s-Alio ´ C (2006)
Distribution and abundance of uncultured heterotrophic flagellates
in the world oceans. Environ Microbiol 8:1515–1522
May R (1997) L’inventaire des espe `ces vivantes. In: L’e ´volution. Dossier Hors-se ´rie Pour la Science, pp 40–47
McDonald SM, Sarno D, Scanlan DJ, Zingone A (2007) Genetic
diversity of eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton in the Gulf of Naples
during an annual cycle. Aquat Microb Ecol 50:75–89
McFadden GI, Waller RF (1997) Plastids in parasites of humans.
Bioessays 19:1033–1040
7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes
255
ischiensis: a new filamentous marine chromophyte belonging to a
new class, Schizocladiophyceae. Protist 154:211–228
Keeling PJ (2008) Bridge over troublesome plastids. Nature 451:896–897
Kim OTP, Yura K, Go N, Harumoto T (2005) Newly sequenced eRF1s
from ciliates: the diversity of stop codon usage and the molecular
surfaces that are important for stop codon interactions. Gene
346:277–286
Kim E, Harrison JW, Sudek S, Jones MDM, Wilcox HM, Richards TA,
Worden AZ, Archibald JM (2011a) Newly identified and diverse
plastid-bearing branch on the eukaryotic tree of life. Proc Natl Acad
Sci 108(4):1496–1500
Kim E, Harrison JW, Sudek S, Jones MD, Wilcox HM, Richards TA,
Worden AZ, Archibald JM (2011b) Newly identified and diverse
plastid-bearing branch on the eukaryotic tree of life. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 108:1496–1500
Kling SA, Boltovskoy D (2002) What are radiolarians? http://www.
radiolarian.org
Kokinos JP, Eglinton TI, Goni MA, Boon JA, Martoglio PA, Anderson
DM (1998) Characterization of a highly resistant biomacromolecular material in the cell wall of a marine dinoflagellate cyst.
Org Geochem 28:265–288
Kramarsky-Winter E, Harel M, Siboni N, Ben Dov E, Brickner I, Loya
Y, Kushmaro A (2006) Identification of a protist-coral association
and its possible ecological role. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 317:67–73
Kroken S, Taylor JW (2000) Phylogenetic species, reproductive mode,
and specificity of the green alga Trebouxia forming lichens with the
fungal genus Lethraria. Bryologist 103:645–660
Lafferty KD (2006) Can the common brain parasite, Toxoplasma gondii,
influence human culture? Proc Roy Soc Lond B 273:2749–2755
Lara E, Moreira D, Vereshchaka A, Lo ´pez-Garcı ´a P (2009)
Pan-oceanic distribution of new highly diverse clades of deep-se
diplonemids. Environ Microbiol 11(1):47–65
Larsson R (2009) Cytology and taxonomy of the microsporidia. http://
www.cob.lu.se/microsporidia
Lass-Flo ¨rl C, Mayr A (2007) Human protothecosis. Clin Microbiol Rev
20(230):242
Leadbeater BSC (1989) The phylogenetic significance of flagellar hairs
in the Chromophyta. In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver WL
(eds) The chromophyte algae. Problems and perspectives.
Clarendon, London, pp 145–165
Leander BS, Saldarriaga JF, Keeling PJ (2002) Surface morphology of
the marine parasite Haplozoon axiothellae Siebert (Dinoflagellata).
Eur J Protistol 38:287–297
Le Calvez J (1953) Ordre des Foraminife `res. In: Grasse ´ PP (ed)
Traite ´ de zoologie. Anatomie, syste ´matique, biologie, Tome I.
Protozoaires: Rhizopodes, Actinopodes, Sporozoaires, Cnidosporidies. Fascicule II. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp 149–265
Lecointre G, Le Guyader H (2006) Classification phyloge ´ne ´tique du
vivant, 3rd edn. Belin, Paris
Lecroq B, Lejzerowicz F, Bachar D, Christen R, Esling P, Baerlocher
L, Østeras M, Farinelli L, Pawlowski J (2011) Ultra-deep sequencing of foraminiferal microbarcodes unveils hidden richness of early
monothalamous lineages in deep-sea sediments. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 108:13 177–13 182
Lee SC, Corradi N, Byrnes EJ III, Torres-Martinez S, Dietrich FS,
Keeling PJ, Heitman J (2008) Microsporidia evolved from ancestral
sexual Fungi. Curr Biol 18:1675–1679
Lefe `vre E, Bardot C, Noe ¨l C, Carrias JF, Viscogliosi E, Amblard C,
Sime-Ngando T (2007) Unveiling fungal zooflagellates as members
of freshwater pico-eucaryotes: evidence from a molecular diversity
study in a deep meromictic lake. Environ Microbiol 9:61–71
Lejzerowicz F, Pawlowski J, Fraissinet-Tachet L, Marmeisse R (2010)
Molecular evidence for widespread occurrence of Foraminifera in
soils. Environ Microbiol 12(9):2518–2526
Lejzerowicz F, Esling P, Majewski W, Szczucinski W, Decelle J,
Obadia C, Martinez Arbizu P, Pawlowski J (2013) Ancient DNA
complements microfossil record in deep-sea subsurface sediments.
Biol Lett (in press)
Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche
CF, De Clerck O (2012) Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the
green algae. Crit Rev Plant Sci 31:1–46
Lemieux C, Otis C, Turmel M (2000) Ancestral chloroplast genome in
Mesostigma viride reveals an early branch of green plant evolution.
Nature 403:649–652
Liao QY, Li J, Zhang JH, Li M, Lu Y, Xu RL (2009) An ecological
analysis of soil sarcodina at Dongzhaigang mangrove in Hainan
Island, China. Eur J Soil Biol 45:214–219
Lindberg K, Moestrup O, Daugbjerg N (2005) Studies on
wolozynskioid dinoflagellates I:Wolozynskia coronate re-examined
using light and electron microscopy and partial LSU rDNA
sequences, with description of Tovellia gen. nov. and Jadwigia
gen. nov. (Tovelliaceae fam. nov.). Phycologia 44:416–440
Litaker RW, Vandersea RW, Faust MA, Kibler SR, Chinain M,
Holmes MJ, Holland WC, Tester PA (2009) Taxonomy of
Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus
caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri
and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae).
Phycologia 48(5):344–390
Littler MM, Littler DS, Blair SM, Norris JN (1985) Deepest known
plant life discovered on an uncharted seamount. Science
227:57–59
Liu YJ, Hodson MC, Hall BD (2006) Loss of the flagellum happened
only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of kingdom
Fungi inferred from RNA polymerase II subunit genes. BMC Evol
Biol 6:1–13
Loftus B, Anderson I, Davies RU, Alsmark CM, Samuelson J, Amedeo
P et al (2005) The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba
histolytica. Nature 433:865–868
Logares R, Audic S, Santini S, Pernice MC, de Vargas C, Massana R
(2012) Diversity patterns and activity of uncultured marine heterotrophic flagellates unveiled with pyrosequencing. ISME J
6:1823–1833
Logsdon JM Jr (2007) Evolutionary genetics: sex happens in Giardia.
Curr Biol 18:R66–R68
Lo ´pez-Garcı ´a P, Philippe H, Gail F, Moreira D (2003) Autochthonous
eukaryotic diversity in hydrothermal sediment and experimental
microcolonizers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Proc Natl Acad Sci
U S A 100:697–702
Macinnes MA, Francis D (1974) Meiosis in Dictyostelium mucoroides.
Nature 251:321–324
Maldonado M, Lo ´pez-Acosta M, Sitja ` C, Aguilar R, Garcı ´a S, Vacelet J
(2013) A giant foraminifer that converges to the feeding strategy of
carnivorous sponges: Spiculosiphon oceana sp. nov. (Foraminifera,
Astrorhizida). Zootaxa 3669(4):571–584
Malik SB, Pightling AW, Stefaniak LM, Schurko AM, Logsdon JM Jr
(2008) An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides
evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis. PLoS One 3:1–13
Margulis L, Dolan MF (1997) Swimming against the current. In:
Margulis L, Sagan D (eds) Slanted truths. Copernicus Publ,
New York, pp 47–58
Martone PT, Estevez JM, Lu F, Ruel K, Denny MW, Somerville C,
Ralph J (2009) Discovery of lignin in seaweed reveals convergent
evolution of cell-wall architecture. Curr Biol 19:169–175
Massana R, Terrado R, Forn I, Lovejoy C, Pedro ´s-Alio ´ C (2006)
Distribution and abundance of uncultured heterotrophic flagellates
in the world oceans. Environ Microbiol 8:1515–1522
May R (1997) L’inventaire des espe `ces vivantes. In: L’e ´volution. Dossier Hors-se ´rie Pour la Science, pp 40–47
McDonald SM, Sarno D, Scanlan DJ, Zingone A (2007) Genetic
diversity of eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton in the Gulf of Naples
during an annual cycle. Aquat Microb Ecol 50:75–89
McFadden GI, Waller RF (1997) Plastids in parasites of humans.
Bioessays 19:1033–1040
7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes
255