Retortamonadida, choanoflagellates, etc.). On the other hand,
for the taxa considered, the description is deliberately
simplified and does not mention the many special cases and
exceptions. For example, when it is stated that the life cycle of
Rhodobionta is trigenetic (cf. Sect. 7.5.4 and Table 7.6), it is
because this is probably the ancestral cycle and because it is
widespread; the description of life cycles derived by modification or simplification from the trigeneric cycle would be
beyond the scope of this book. Similarly, in Mycetobionta, the
diversity and complexity of life cycles is not limited to the
two selected examples, Dictyostelium and Fuligo.
In Table 7.6, an attempt is made to present in a synthetic
manner a number of chemical, cytological, and biological
characteristics that are unique to a taxon, or that are shared by
only a few taxa, so that they can serve as “markers” of these taxa.
References
Abrahamsen MS, Templeton TJ, Enomoto S, Abrahante JE, Zhu G,
Lancto CA et al (2004) Complete genome sequence of the
Apicomplexan, Cryptosporidium parvum. Science 304:441–445
Andersen RA (2004) Biology and systematics of heterokont and
haptophyte algae. Am J Bot 91:1508–1522
Andersen RA (2005) Algae and the vitamin mosaic. Nature 438:33–34
Baker BJ, Tyson GW, Goosherst L, Banfield JF (2009) Insights into the
diversity of eukaryotes in acid mine drainage biofilm communities.
Appl Environ Microbiol 75(7):2192–2199
Baldan B, Andolfo P, Navazio L, Tolomio C, Mariani P (2001) Cellulose
in algal cell wall: an ‘in situ’ localization. Eur J Histochem 45:51–56
Baldauf SL (2003) The deep roots of eucaryotes. Science
300:1703–1706
Baldauf SL (2008) An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of
eukaryotes. J Syst Evol 46:263–273
Baldauf SL, Doolittle WF (1997) Origin and evolution of the slime
molds (Mycetozoa). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:12007–12012
Baldauf SL, Roger AJ, Wenk-Siefret I, Doolittle WF (2000) A
kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein
data. Science 290:972–977
Barr DJS, De ´saulniers NL (1989) The flagellar apparatus of the
oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes. In: Green JC, Leadbeater
BSC, Diver WL (eds) The chromophyte algae. Problems and
perspectives. Clarendon, London, pp 343–355
Beakes GW (1989) Oomycete fungi: their phylogeny and relationship
to chromophyte algae. In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver WL
(eds) The chromophyte algae. Problems and perspectives.
Clarendon, London, pp 325–342
Berge T, Hansen PJ, Moestrup Ø (2008) Feeding mechanism, prey
specificity and growth in light and dark of the plastidic dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger. Aquat Microb Ecol 50:279–288
Berger L, Hyatt AD, Speare R, Longcore JE (2005) Life cycle stages of
the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis Aqua
Org 68:51–63
Bert JJ, Dauguet JC, Maume D, Bert M (1991) Recherche des acides gras
et des ste ´rols chez deux Rhodophyce ´es: Calliblepharis jubata et
Solieria chordalis (Gigartinales). Cryptogamie Algol 12:157–162
Bhattacharya D, Yoon HS, Hackett JD (2003) Photosynthetic eukaryotes
unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots. Bioessays 25:50–60
Bird DF, Kalff J (1986) Bacterial grazing by planktonic lake algae.
Science 231:493–494
Bittner L et al (2013) Diversity patterns of uncultured Haptophytes
unravelled by pyrosequencing in Naples Bay. Mol Ecol 22:87–101
Bjornland T, Liaaen-Jensen S (1989) Distribution patterns of
carotenoids in relation to chromophyte phylogeny and systematics.
In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver WL (eds) The chromophyte
algae. Problems and perspectives. Clarendon, London, pp 37–61
Bodyl A, Stiller JW, Mackiewicz P (2009) Chromalveolate plastids:
direct descent or multiple endosymbioses? Trends Ecol Evol
24:119–121
Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev
Plant Biol 54:519–546
Bornens M, Azimzadeh J (2007) Origin and evolution of the centrosome. In: Je ´keli G (ed) Origins and evolution of eukaryotic
endomembranes and cytoskeleton. Landes Bioscience, Austin,
pp 119–129
Bouchet P (2000) L’insaisissable inventaire des espe `ces. La Recherche
333:40–45
Boudouresque CF (2011) Taxonomie et phyloge ´nie des Eucaryotes
unicellulaires. In: Bertrand JC, Caumette P, Lebaron P, Matheron R,
Normand P (eds) Ecologie microbienne. Microbiologie des milieux
naturels et anthropise ´s. Presses Universitaires de Pau et des Pays de
l’Adour (PUPPA), Pau, pp 203–260
Boudouresque CF, Ruitton S, Verlaque M (2006) Anthropogenic
impacts on marine vegetation in the Mediterranean. In: Proceedings
of the second Mediterranean symposium on marine vegetation,
Athens, 12–13 Dec 2003. Regional Activity Centre for Specially
Protected Areas Publ, Tunis, pp 34–54
Braselton JP (1995) Current status of the plasmodiophorids. Crit Rev
Microbiol 21:263–275
Braselton JP (2009) Plasmodiophorid home page. http://oak.cats.ohiou.
edu/~braselto/plasmos
Brodie J, Maggs CA, John DM (eds) (2007) Green seaweeds of Britain
and Ireland. British Phycological Society, UK
Brown MW, Kolisko M, Silberman M, Roger AJ (2012) Aggregative
multicellularity evolved independently in the eukaryotic supergroup
Rhizaria. Curr Biol 22(12):1123–1127
Bruns T (2006) A kingdom revised. Nature 443:758–760
Bulman SR, Ku ¨hn SF, Marshall JW, Schnepf E (2001) A phylogenetic
analysis of the SSU rRNA from members of the Plasmodiophorida
and Phagomyxida. Protist 152:43–51
Burki F, Okamoto N, Pombert JF, Keeling PJ (2012) The evolutionary
history of haptophytes and cryptophytes: phylogenomic evidence
for separate origins. Proc Roy Soc B 279:2246–2254
Butterfield NJ (2000) Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.:
implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the
Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology 26:386–404
Calderon-Saenz E, Schnetter R (1989) Morphology, biology and
systematics of Cryptochlora perforans (Chlorarachniophyta), a
phagotrophic marine alga. Plant Syst Evol 163:165–176
Cavalier-Smith T (1981) Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?
BioSystems 14:461–481
Cavalier-Smith T (1987a) Eukaryote cell evolution. In: Greuter W,
Zimmer B (eds) Proceedings of the XIV international botanical
congress, Berlin, 24 Jul–1 Aug 1987. Koeltz, Koenigstein,
pp 203–223
Cavalier-Smith T (1987b) The origin of fungi and pseudofungi.
In: Rayner ADM (ed) Evolutionary biology of fungi. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp 339–353
Cavalier-Smith T (2002) The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and
phylogenetic classification of protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
52:295–354
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2002) Molecular phylogeny of centrohelid
Heliozoa, a novel lineage of bikont eukaryotes that arose by ciliary
loss. J Mol Evol 56:387–396
7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes
253
for the taxa considered, the description is deliberately
simplified and does not mention the many special cases and
exceptions. For example, when it is stated that the life cycle of
Rhodobionta is trigenetic (cf. Sect. 7.5.4 and Table 7.6), it is
because this is probably the ancestral cycle and because it is
widespread; the description of life cycles derived by modification or simplification from the trigeneric cycle would be
beyond the scope of this book. Similarly, in Mycetobionta, the
diversity and complexity of life cycles is not limited to the
two selected examples, Dictyostelium and Fuligo.
In Table 7.6, an attempt is made to present in a synthetic
manner a number of chemical, cytological, and biological
characteristics that are unique to a taxon, or that are shared by
only a few taxa, so that they can serve as “markers” of these taxa.
References
Abrahamsen MS, Templeton TJ, Enomoto S, Abrahante JE, Zhu G,
Lancto CA et al (2004) Complete genome sequence of the
Apicomplexan, Cryptosporidium parvum. Science 304:441–445
Andersen RA (2004) Biology and systematics of heterokont and
haptophyte algae. Am J Bot 91:1508–1522
Andersen RA (2005) Algae and the vitamin mosaic. Nature 438:33–34
Baker BJ, Tyson GW, Goosherst L, Banfield JF (2009) Insights into the
diversity of eukaryotes in acid mine drainage biofilm communities.
Appl Environ Microbiol 75(7):2192–2199
Baldan B, Andolfo P, Navazio L, Tolomio C, Mariani P (2001) Cellulose
in algal cell wall: an ‘in situ’ localization. Eur J Histochem 45:51–56
Baldauf SL (2003) The deep roots of eucaryotes. Science
300:1703–1706
Baldauf SL (2008) An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of
eukaryotes. J Syst Evol 46:263–273
Baldauf SL, Doolittle WF (1997) Origin and evolution of the slime
molds (Mycetozoa). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:12007–12012
Baldauf SL, Roger AJ, Wenk-Siefret I, Doolittle WF (2000) A
kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein
data. Science 290:972–977
Barr DJS, De ´saulniers NL (1989) The flagellar apparatus of the
oomycetes and hyphochytriomycetes. In: Green JC, Leadbeater
BSC, Diver WL (eds) The chromophyte algae. Problems and
perspectives. Clarendon, London, pp 343–355
Beakes GW (1989) Oomycete fungi: their phylogeny and relationship
to chromophyte algae. In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver WL
(eds) The chromophyte algae. Problems and perspectives.
Clarendon, London, pp 325–342
Berge T, Hansen PJ, Moestrup Ø (2008) Feeding mechanism, prey
specificity and growth in light and dark of the plastidic dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger. Aquat Microb Ecol 50:279–288
Berger L, Hyatt AD, Speare R, Longcore JE (2005) Life cycle stages of
the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Dis Aqua
Org 68:51–63
Bert JJ, Dauguet JC, Maume D, Bert M (1991) Recherche des acides gras
et des ste ´rols chez deux Rhodophyce ´es: Calliblepharis jubata et
Solieria chordalis (Gigartinales). Cryptogamie Algol 12:157–162
Bhattacharya D, Yoon HS, Hackett JD (2003) Photosynthetic eukaryotes
unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots. Bioessays 25:50–60
Bird DF, Kalff J (1986) Bacterial grazing by planktonic lake algae.
Science 231:493–494
Bittner L et al (2013) Diversity patterns of uncultured Haptophytes
unravelled by pyrosequencing in Naples Bay. Mol Ecol 22:87–101
Bjornland T, Liaaen-Jensen S (1989) Distribution patterns of
carotenoids in relation to chromophyte phylogeny and systematics.
In: Green JC, Leadbeater BSC, Diver WL (eds) The chromophyte
algae. Problems and perspectives. Clarendon, London, pp 37–61
Bodyl A, Stiller JW, Mackiewicz P (2009) Chromalveolate plastids:
direct descent or multiple endosymbioses? Trends Ecol Evol
24:119–121
Boerjan W, Ralph J, Baucher M (2003) Lignin biosynthesis. Annu Rev
Plant Biol 54:519–546
Bornens M, Azimzadeh J (2007) Origin and evolution of the centrosome. In: Je ´keli G (ed) Origins and evolution of eukaryotic
endomembranes and cytoskeleton. Landes Bioscience, Austin,
pp 119–129
Bouchet P (2000) L’insaisissable inventaire des espe `ces. La Recherche
333:40–45
Boudouresque CF (2011) Taxonomie et phyloge ´nie des Eucaryotes
unicellulaires. In: Bertrand JC, Caumette P, Lebaron P, Matheron R,
Normand P (eds) Ecologie microbienne. Microbiologie des milieux
naturels et anthropise ´s. Presses Universitaires de Pau et des Pays de
l’Adour (PUPPA), Pau, pp 203–260
Boudouresque CF, Ruitton S, Verlaque M (2006) Anthropogenic
impacts on marine vegetation in the Mediterranean. In: Proceedings
of the second Mediterranean symposium on marine vegetation,
Athens, 12–13 Dec 2003. Regional Activity Centre for Specially
Protected Areas Publ, Tunis, pp 34–54
Braselton JP (1995) Current status of the plasmodiophorids. Crit Rev
Microbiol 21:263–275
Braselton JP (2009) Plasmodiophorid home page. http://oak.cats.ohiou.
edu/~braselto/plasmos
Brodie J, Maggs CA, John DM (eds) (2007) Green seaweeds of Britain
and Ireland. British Phycological Society, UK
Brown MW, Kolisko M, Silberman M, Roger AJ (2012) Aggregative
multicellularity evolved independently in the eukaryotic supergroup
Rhizaria. Curr Biol 22(12):1123–1127
Bruns T (2006) A kingdom revised. Nature 443:758–760
Bulman SR, Ku ¨hn SF, Marshall JW, Schnepf E (2001) A phylogenetic
analysis of the SSU rRNA from members of the Plasmodiophorida
and Phagomyxida. Protist 152:43–51
Burki F, Okamoto N, Pombert JF, Keeling PJ (2012) The evolutionary
history of haptophytes and cryptophytes: phylogenomic evidence
for separate origins. Proc Roy Soc B 279:2246–2254
Butterfield NJ (2000) Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.:
implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the
Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology 26:386–404
Calderon-Saenz E, Schnetter R (1989) Morphology, biology and
systematics of Cryptochlora perforans (Chlorarachniophyta), a
phagotrophic marine alga. Plant Syst Evol 163:165–176
Cavalier-Smith T (1981) Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?
BioSystems 14:461–481
Cavalier-Smith T (1987a) Eukaryote cell evolution. In: Greuter W,
Zimmer B (eds) Proceedings of the XIV international botanical
congress, Berlin, 24 Jul–1 Aug 1987. Koeltz, Koenigstein,
pp 203–223
Cavalier-Smith T (1987b) The origin of fungi and pseudofungi.
In: Rayner ADM (ed) Evolutionary biology of fungi. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, pp 339–353
Cavalier-Smith T (2002) The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and
phylogenetic classification of protozoa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
52:295–354
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2002) Molecular phylogeny of centrohelid
Heliozoa, a novel lineage of bikont eukaryotes that arose by ciliary
loss. J Mol Evol 56:387–396
7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes
253