Table 7.6 (continued)
Taxa
Chemical ‘markers’
Cytological ‘markers’
Biological ‘markers’
Rhizaria
Radiolaria
Internal siliceous skeleton
Pseudopodia (axopods and filopods)
Chlorarachniobionta
Chlorophylls a and b
Meroplasmodium (anastomosed pseudopodia
between neiboring individuals)
Paramylon
Nucleomorph
Undulipodium wound helically around the cell
Phytomyxea
Coenocyte
Cruciform nuclear division
2 undulipodiums naked of unequal length
Foraminifera
Test with chambers
Fertilization: planogamy
Pseudopodia (filopodes)
2–4 undulipodiums naked, of inequal length,
ending in a single mastigoneme
Life cycle: alternation between
uninucleated gametogen and
multinucleated sporogen
Alveolata
Mitochondria with tubular cristae
Alveoli under the plasmalemma
Ciliophora
Undulipodiums very numerous (cilia) and/or
bundles of cilia (cirri)
Fertilization: cystogamy
Micronucleus and macronucleus
Codons ‘stop’ (‘universal’
code) code for glutamine,
cysteine or triptophan
Extrusomes (trichocysts)
Dinobionta
Alveoli: cellulose
Chloroplast with 3–4 membranes
Fertilization: planogamy
Dinamylon
2 undulipodiums inserted in perpendicular
grooves
Wall of the cysts: dinosporine
Life cycle: monogenetic
Unipartite mastigonemes on the transverse
undulipodium
Nucleus lacking histones
Chromosomes condensed
throughout interphase
Giant nucleus
Extrusomes (trichocysts)
Apicomplexa
Apicoplast (relict of a former chloroplast)
Fertilization: fucogamy
Apical complex
Life cycle: digenetic with
alternation of 2 hosts
Centriole: 9 singlet microtubules
Stramenopiles
Mitochondria with tubular cristae
Tripartite mastigonemes on one of the
undulipodiums, the other naked
Oobionta
Chrysolaminarin
Vegetative apparatus : coenocyte
Fertilization : siphonogamy
Cell wall: cellulose
Sterols: absent
Life cycle: monogenetic
Chromobionta
Chlorophylls a and c
Chloroplast: 4-membrane envelope. 2-membrane
outer envelope merged with the nuclear envelope
! nucleoplastidial complex (NPC)
Fertilization: planogamy,
cystogamy, fucogamy,
oogamy
Laminarin ou chrysolaminarin,
mannitol
Life cycle : monogenetic or
digenetic
Cell wall: alginic acid, silica
Thylakoids stacked intro 3-thylakoid lamellae
Sterol: fucosterol
Physodes
Haptobionta
Chlorophylls a and c
Chloroplast: 4-membrane envelope. 2-membrane
outer envelope merged with the nuclear envelope
! nucleoplastidial complex (NPC)
Life cycle: digenetic
(optionally trigenetic)
Laminarin
Major role in DMSP
production
Thylakoids stacked intro 3-thylakoid lamellae
Peripheral envelope of endoplasmic reticulum
(PER)
Mitochondria with tubular cristae
Haptonema
Scales, sometimes giant and calcareous, on the
cell
(continued)
7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes
251
Taxa
Chemical ‘markers’
Cytological ‘markers’
Biological ‘markers’
Rhizaria
Radiolaria
Internal siliceous skeleton
Pseudopodia (axopods and filopods)
Chlorarachniobionta
Chlorophylls a and b
Meroplasmodium (anastomosed pseudopodia
between neiboring individuals)
Paramylon
Nucleomorph
Undulipodium wound helically around the cell
Phytomyxea
Coenocyte
Cruciform nuclear division
2 undulipodiums naked of unequal length
Foraminifera
Test with chambers
Fertilization: planogamy
Pseudopodia (filopodes)
2–4 undulipodiums naked, of inequal length,
ending in a single mastigoneme
Life cycle: alternation between
uninucleated gametogen and
multinucleated sporogen
Alveolata
Mitochondria with tubular cristae
Alveoli under the plasmalemma
Ciliophora
Undulipodiums very numerous (cilia) and/or
bundles of cilia (cirri)
Fertilization: cystogamy
Micronucleus and macronucleus
Codons ‘stop’ (‘universal’
code) code for glutamine,
cysteine or triptophan
Extrusomes (trichocysts)
Dinobionta
Alveoli: cellulose
Chloroplast with 3–4 membranes
Fertilization: planogamy
Dinamylon
2 undulipodiums inserted in perpendicular
grooves
Wall of the cysts: dinosporine
Life cycle: monogenetic
Unipartite mastigonemes on the transverse
undulipodium
Nucleus lacking histones
Chromosomes condensed
throughout interphase
Giant nucleus
Extrusomes (trichocysts)
Apicomplexa
Apicoplast (relict of a former chloroplast)
Fertilization: fucogamy
Apical complex
Life cycle: digenetic with
alternation of 2 hosts
Centriole: 9 singlet microtubules
Stramenopiles
Mitochondria with tubular cristae
Tripartite mastigonemes on one of the
undulipodiums, the other naked
Oobionta
Chrysolaminarin
Vegetative apparatus : coenocyte
Fertilization : siphonogamy
Cell wall: cellulose
Sterols: absent
Life cycle: monogenetic
Chromobionta
Chlorophylls a and c
Chloroplast: 4-membrane envelope. 2-membrane
outer envelope merged with the nuclear envelope
! nucleoplastidial complex (NPC)
Fertilization: planogamy,
cystogamy, fucogamy,
oogamy
Laminarin ou chrysolaminarin,
mannitol
Life cycle : monogenetic or
digenetic
Cell wall: alginic acid, silica
Thylakoids stacked intro 3-thylakoid lamellae
Sterol: fucosterol
Physodes
Haptobionta
Chlorophylls a and c
Chloroplast: 4-membrane envelope. 2-membrane
outer envelope merged with the nuclear envelope
! nucleoplastidial complex (NPC)
Life cycle: digenetic
(optionally trigenetic)
Laminarin
Major role in DMSP
production
Thylakoids stacked intro 3-thylakoid lamellae
Peripheral envelope of endoplasmic reticulum
(PER)
Mitochondria with tubular cristae
Haptonema
Scales, sometimes giant and calcareous, on the
cell
(continued)
7 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Unicellular Eukaryotes
251