605
Box 11.2: Pseudoalteromonas undina
Colonies comprise Gram-negative motile, strictly oxidative rods that produce
oxidase but not arginine dihydrolase, indole or lysine or ornithine decarboxylase. The Voges Proskauer reaction is negative. Growth occurs between 4
and 37 °C but not at 40 °C. Growth does not occur in the absence of sodium
chloride. Casein, DNA, starch and Tween 80 are degraded, but not alginate or
lecithin. Acetate, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-arginine, aspartate, L-citrulline,
fumarate, D-glucose, glutamate, glycine, L-histidine, 3-hydroxybutyrate,
L-leucine, malate, maltose, L-ornithine, propionate, L-serine, succinate,
sucrose, L-threonine, D-trehalose and L-tyrosine are used as the sole source
of carbon, but not t-aconitate, 4-aminobutyrate, amygdalin, L-arabinose,
citrate, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-galacturonate, D-gluconate,
D-glucuronate, glycerol, p-hydroxybenzoate, m-inositol, 2-ketoglutarate, lactate, lactose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, melibiose, putrescine, L-rhamnose,
D-ribose, salicin, sarcosine, D-sorbitol or D-xylose (Pujalte et al. 2007 ).
Pathogenicity
One culture, U58, was weakly virulent, killing sea bass but not gilthead sea bream
following intracoelomic injection at a dose of 10
7 CFU/fi sh [LD 50 = 1.3 × 10
7 CFU/
fi sh] (Pujalte et al. 2007 ). Dead fi sh displayed distended abdomen, reddened anus
and haemorrhaging in the viscera.
Shewanella putrefaciens
Characteristics of the Disease
During Spring of 1985, a disease occurred which resulted in high mortalities in rabbitfi sh, Siganus rivulatus, farmed in sea cages in the Red Sea. From diseased animals, a Gram-negative bacterium was recovered, which was capable of re-infecting
healthy fi sh (Saeed et al. 1987 ). To date, the disease has not been described in any
other fi sh species, or, for that matter, elsewhere.
Disease signs included lethargy, discoloration, exophthalmia, haemorrhaging
and necroses on the body and mouth, and fi n damage. Internal damage was not
reported (Saeed et al. 1987 ). In Poland during 2007–2012, the organism was associated with mortalities in which the disease signs were necrotized gills and necrotic
skin lesions/ulcers, particularly in common carp and rainbow trout. Internally,
there was haemorrhaging, oedematous kidney and enlarged spleens (Pekala et al.
2015 ).
Alteromonadaceae Representatives
Box 11.2: Pseudoalteromonas undina
Colonies comprise Gram-negative motile, strictly oxidative rods that produce
oxidase but not arginine dihydrolase, indole or lysine or ornithine decarboxylase. The Voges Proskauer reaction is negative. Growth occurs between 4
and 37 °C but not at 40 °C. Growth does not occur in the absence of sodium
chloride. Casein, DNA, starch and Tween 80 are degraded, but not alginate or
lecithin. Acetate, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-arginine, aspartate, L-citrulline,
fumarate, D-glucose, glutamate, glycine, L-histidine, 3-hydroxybutyrate,
L-leucine, malate, maltose, L-ornithine, propionate, L-serine, succinate,
sucrose, L-threonine, D-trehalose and L-tyrosine are used as the sole source
of carbon, but not t-aconitate, 4-aminobutyrate, amygdalin, L-arabinose,
citrate, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-galacturonate, D-gluconate,
D-glucuronate, glycerol, p-hydroxybenzoate, m-inositol, 2-ketoglutarate, lactate, lactose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, melibiose, putrescine, L-rhamnose,
D-ribose, salicin, sarcosine, D-sorbitol or D-xylose (Pujalte et al. 2007 ).
Pathogenicity
One culture, U58, was weakly virulent, killing sea bass but not gilthead sea bream
following intracoelomic injection at a dose of 10
7 CFU/fi sh [LD 50 = 1.3 × 10
7 CFU/
fi sh] (Pujalte et al. 2007 ). Dead fi sh displayed distended abdomen, reddened anus
and haemorrhaging in the viscera.
Shewanella putrefaciens
Characteristics of the Disease
During Spring of 1985, a disease occurred which resulted in high mortalities in rabbitfi sh, Siganus rivulatus, farmed in sea cages in the Red Sea. From diseased animals, a Gram-negative bacterium was recovered, which was capable of re-infecting
healthy fi sh (Saeed et al. 1987 ). To date, the disease has not been described in any
other fi sh species, or, for that matter, elsewhere.
Disease signs included lethargy, discoloration, exophthalmia, haemorrhaging
and necroses on the body and mouth, and fi n damage. Internal damage was not
reported (Saeed et al. 1987 ). In Poland during 2007–2012, the organism was associated with mortalities in which the disease signs were necrotized gills and necrotic
skin lesions/ulcers, particularly in common carp and rainbow trout. Internally,
there was haemorrhaging, oedematous kidney and enlarged spleens (Pekala et al.
2015 ).
Alteromonadaceae Representatives