559
Pathogenicity
The virulence plasmid, pJM1, has not been detected in V. ordalii (Crosa 1980 ).
However, a 30 kb cryptic plasmid, designated pMJ101 and which replicates in the
absence of DNA polymerase I without generating single stranded intermediates, has
been found in all isolates of V. ordalii (Bidinost et al. 1994 , 1999 ). Moreover, haemolysins and proteases have not been found (Kodama et al. 1984 ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Development The methods discussed for V. anguillarum apply. Likewise
with V. anguillarum, the immunogenicity of LPS has been demonstrated (Velji et al.
1990 , 1991 , 1992 ).
Probiotics An isolate of V. alginolyticus, previously used as probiotic in Ecuadorian
shrimp hatcheries, has been effective at controlling diseases caused V. ordalii
(Austin et al. 1995b ).
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Whereas V. parahaemolyticus is recognized as a pathogen of shellfi sh, notably
penaeids, and as a cause of human food-borne infections, particularly resulting from
the consumption of contaminated seafood, its role as a fi sh pathogen is less clear.
However, the organism has been mentioned in terms of fi sh pathogenicity
(Harikrishnan et al. 2012a , b , c , d , e ; Wang et al. 2015 ).
Disease Control
Vaccination OmpK was fused with the protein transduction domain of the transactivating transcriptional factor in Esch. coli, and the fusion protein vaccinated by
immersion marbled eels leading to protection after challenge (Wang et al. 2015 ).
Dietary Supplements An extract of the Chinese medicinal herb Siegesbeckia glabrescens was fed at 1 % and 2 % to kelp grouper ( Epinephelus bruneus ) for 1–4
weeks with evidence of immunostimulation (enhanced alternative complement,
myeloperoxidase, reactive oxygen species, and serum lysozyme activity) and protection against challenge with a virulent culture (Harikrishnan et al. 2012a , b , c , d , e ).
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Pathogenicity
The virulence plasmid, pJM1, has not been detected in V. ordalii (Crosa 1980 ).
However, a 30 kb cryptic plasmid, designated pMJ101 and which replicates in the
absence of DNA polymerase I without generating single stranded intermediates, has
been found in all isolates of V. ordalii (Bidinost et al. 1994 , 1999 ). Moreover, haemolysins and proteases have not been found (Kodama et al. 1984 ).
Disease Control
Vaccine Development The methods discussed for V. anguillarum apply. Likewise
with V. anguillarum, the immunogenicity of LPS has been demonstrated (Velji et al.
1990 , 1991 , 1992 ).
Probiotics An isolate of V. alginolyticus, previously used as probiotic in Ecuadorian
shrimp hatcheries, has been effective at controlling diseases caused V. ordalii
(Austin et al. 1995b ).
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Whereas V. parahaemolyticus is recognized as a pathogen of shellfi sh, notably
penaeids, and as a cause of human food-borne infections, particularly resulting from
the consumption of contaminated seafood, its role as a fi sh pathogen is less clear.
However, the organism has been mentioned in terms of fi sh pathogenicity
(Harikrishnan et al. 2012a , b , c , d , e ; Wang et al. 2015 ).
Disease Control
Vaccination OmpK was fused with the protein transduction domain of the transactivating transcriptional factor in Esch. coli, and the fusion protein vaccinated by
immersion marbled eels leading to protection after challenge (Wang et al. 2015 ).
Dietary Supplements An extract of the Chinese medicinal herb Siegesbeckia glabrescens was fed at 1 % and 2 % to kelp grouper ( Epinephelus bruneus ) for 1–4
weeks with evidence of immunostimulation (enhanced alternative complement,
myeloperoxidase, reactive oxygen species, and serum lysozyme activity) and protection against challenge with a virulent culture (Harikrishnan et al. 2012a , b , c , d , e ).
Vibrio parahaemolyticus