434
and suggested for consideration in future biocontrol programmes (Stenholm et al.
2008 ). Fifteen bacteriophages were recovered from Chile, and under laboratory
conditions determined to reduce mortalities in salmonids caused by Fla. psychrophilum (Castillo et al. 2012 ). The fate of bacteriophage has prompted some fascinating
work by Madsen et al. ( 2013 ) and Christiansen et al. ( 2014 ). After i.p. injection,
bacteriophage rapidly spread throughout the tissues, and could be isolated from the
organs, particularly the kidney and spleen, of rainbow trout for up to 10-days
(Madsen et al. 2013 ). With oral application, virus particles were detected in the
intestine, kidney and spleen of rainbow trout within 1 h of administration. Thus, the
data revealed that bacteriophage could survive passage through the stomach and be
taken up into the internal organs (Christensen et al. 2014).
Antimicrobial Compounds Chemotherapy with oxytetracycline (Winton et al.
1983a), sulphonamides (Amend et al. 1965 ) and furanace (Holt et al. 1975 ) has
been advocated. In particular with infected fry, furanace dosed at 0.5 μg/ml for 1 h
on every third day has been useful. From a comparison of 48 isolates from RTFS,
sensitivity was recoded to doxycycline, enrofl oxacin, fl orfenicol and sarofl oxacin
(Rangdale et al. 1997a ).
Flavobacterium piscicida
Only a poor description of Fla. piscicida exists in the fi sheries literature. Therefore,
further discussion will not be attempted.
Flavobacterium spartansii
Two isolates were recovered from the kidneys of feral spawning Chinook salmon
and the gills of farmed Chinook salmon fi ngerlings, that were part of an outbreak of
disease leading to mortalities. However, pathogenicity was not confi rmed (Loch
and Faisal 2014a ).
Characteristics of the Disease
The cultures were derived from Chinook salmon with necrotic gill lamellae, and
from a specimen with mild to severe unilateral exophthalmia, muscular ulcerations,
pale liver and friable kidneys (Loch and Faisal 2014a ).
7 Flavobacteria and Cytophagas
and suggested for consideration in future biocontrol programmes (Stenholm et al.
2008 ). Fifteen bacteriophages were recovered from Chile, and under laboratory
conditions determined to reduce mortalities in salmonids caused by Fla. psychrophilum (Castillo et al. 2012 ). The fate of bacteriophage has prompted some fascinating
work by Madsen et al. ( 2013 ) and Christiansen et al. ( 2014 ). After i.p. injection,
bacteriophage rapidly spread throughout the tissues, and could be isolated from the
organs, particularly the kidney and spleen, of rainbow trout for up to 10-days
(Madsen et al. 2013 ). With oral application, virus particles were detected in the
intestine, kidney and spleen of rainbow trout within 1 h of administration. Thus, the
data revealed that bacteriophage could survive passage through the stomach and be
taken up into the internal organs (Christensen et al. 2014).
Antimicrobial Compounds Chemotherapy with oxytetracycline (Winton et al.
1983a), sulphonamides (Amend et al. 1965 ) and furanace (Holt et al. 1975 ) has
been advocated. In particular with infected fry, furanace dosed at 0.5 μg/ml for 1 h
on every third day has been useful. From a comparison of 48 isolates from RTFS,
sensitivity was recoded to doxycycline, enrofl oxacin, fl orfenicol and sarofl oxacin
(Rangdale et al. 1997a ).
Flavobacterium piscicida
Only a poor description of Fla. piscicida exists in the fi sheries literature. Therefore,
further discussion will not be attempted.
Flavobacterium spartansii
Two isolates were recovered from the kidneys of feral spawning Chinook salmon
and the gills of farmed Chinook salmon fi ngerlings, that were part of an outbreak of
disease leading to mortalities. However, pathogenicity was not confi rmed (Loch
and Faisal 2014a ).
Characteristics of the Disease
The cultures were derived from Chinook salmon with necrotic gill lamellae, and
from a specimen with mild to severe unilateral exophthalmia, muscular ulcerations,
pale liver and friable kidneys (Loch and Faisal 2014a ).
7 Flavobacteria and Cytophagas