433
and 70–100 kDa were identifi ed by western blotting in rainbow trout immune
serum, and adjuvanted in FCA. Commendable protection was reported after i.p.
injection of rainbow trout fry for the 41–49 (RPS = 58 %) and 70–100 kDa
(O-proteins and O-polysaccharide) fractions with an RPS (for the latter fraction) of
94 % (LaFrentz et al. 2004 ). A total of 15 immunogenic proteins, that may be important in protection, were identifi ed in cells of the pathogen, and equated with elongation factor G, gliding motility protein GldN, OmpA, trigger factor, ClpB, and a
conserved hypothetical protein (LaFrentz et al. 2011 ). There is evidence that fi sh
respond by producing antibodies to LPS and a ~20 kDa surface protein; the latter of
which could be considered for any future vaccine development (Crump et al. 2001 ,
2005 ). A low molecular weight fraction of 25–33 kDa identifi ed from immunoblotting with specifi c antiserum was applied as 5 and 10 μg quantities in FCA by i.p.
injection to rainbow trout with booster doses 3-weeks later, and challenge 6-weeks
afterwards with promising results (Högfors et al. 2008 ). Recombinant [purifi ed
from Esch. coli] and DNA vaccines to HSP60 and HSP70 have been evaluated in
rainbow trout following administration by i.p. injection in FCA, although protection
was not observed (Plant et al. 2009 ). A live attenuated vaccine based on the isolation
of rifampicin-resistant cells as been detailed by LaFrentz et al. ( 2008 ) . The basis of
the work is that when pathogens are passaged in increasing concentrations of rifampicin there is an attenuation of virulence, and thus the resultant cultures may serve
as live vaccines. Thus, i.p. injection of 50 μl quantities containing ~8.3 × 10
6 CFU/
ml with boosters (50 μl containing ~6.9 × 10
6 CFU/ml) 5-weeks later, and challenge
after 8 (RPS = 45.2 % with a lower dose of the challenge strain) and 15 weeks.
Similar results followed vaccination by immersion (LaFrentz et al. 2008 ). An attenuated vaccine, achieved by mutagenesis in which a mutant FP1033 was obtained
with an inability to grow in iron-depleted medium, was protective of rainbow trout
after challenge (Álvarez et al. 2008 ). Recombinant proteins of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase, ATP synthase ß subunit, and glutamate dehydrogenase were
expressed in Esch. coli BL21 cells, and used to vaccine ayu by i.p. injection leading
to better survival after challenge (Kato et al. 2014).
Immunostimulants/Dietary Supplements Ayu were reported as protected against
Fla. psychrophilum, both in terms of mortalities and development/severity of disease signs, following oral administration of 1–10 % aqueous humus extracts
(Nakagawa et al. 2009 ).
Probiotics/Biocontrol Success resulted from use of Pseudomonas M174 (Korkeaaho et al. 2011 ) and Enterobacter C6-6 and C6-8 (Burbank et al. 2011 ; Schubiger
et al. 2015 ) for controlling Fla. psychrophilum infections. Boutin et al. ( 2012 )
recovered bacteria from the skin of brook charr that were inhibitory in vitro to Fla.
psychrophilum, and when mixed and administered to fi sh led to a decrease in mortality after challenge.
Bacteriophage Twenty-two lytic bacteriophage cultures of 5–90 kb genome size
with activity against Fla. psychrophilum have been recovered Danish fi sh farms,
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
and 70–100 kDa were identifi ed by western blotting in rainbow trout immune
serum, and adjuvanted in FCA. Commendable protection was reported after i.p.
injection of rainbow trout fry for the 41–49 (RPS = 58 %) and 70–100 kDa
(O-proteins and O-polysaccharide) fractions with an RPS (for the latter fraction) of
94 % (LaFrentz et al. 2004 ). A total of 15 immunogenic proteins, that may be important in protection, were identifi ed in cells of the pathogen, and equated with elongation factor G, gliding motility protein GldN, OmpA, trigger factor, ClpB, and a
conserved hypothetical protein (LaFrentz et al. 2011 ). There is evidence that fi sh
respond by producing antibodies to LPS and a ~20 kDa surface protein; the latter of
which could be considered for any future vaccine development (Crump et al. 2001 ,
2005 ). A low molecular weight fraction of 25–33 kDa identifi ed from immunoblotting with specifi c antiserum was applied as 5 and 10 μg quantities in FCA by i.p.
injection to rainbow trout with booster doses 3-weeks later, and challenge 6-weeks
afterwards with promising results (Högfors et al. 2008 ). Recombinant [purifi ed
from Esch. coli] and DNA vaccines to HSP60 and HSP70 have been evaluated in
rainbow trout following administration by i.p. injection in FCA, although protection
was not observed (Plant et al. 2009 ). A live attenuated vaccine based on the isolation
of rifampicin-resistant cells as been detailed by LaFrentz et al. ( 2008 ) . The basis of
the work is that when pathogens are passaged in increasing concentrations of rifampicin there is an attenuation of virulence, and thus the resultant cultures may serve
as live vaccines. Thus, i.p. injection of 50 μl quantities containing ~8.3 × 10
6 CFU/
ml with boosters (50 μl containing ~6.9 × 10
6 CFU/ml) 5-weeks later, and challenge
after 8 (RPS = 45.2 % with a lower dose of the challenge strain) and 15 weeks.
Similar results followed vaccination by immersion (LaFrentz et al. 2008 ). An attenuated vaccine, achieved by mutagenesis in which a mutant FP1033 was obtained
with an inability to grow in iron-depleted medium, was protective of rainbow trout
after challenge (Álvarez et al. 2008 ). Recombinant proteins of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase, ATP synthase ß subunit, and glutamate dehydrogenase were
expressed in Esch. coli BL21 cells, and used to vaccine ayu by i.p. injection leading
to better survival after challenge (Kato et al. 2014).
Immunostimulants/Dietary Supplements Ayu were reported as protected against
Fla. psychrophilum, both in terms of mortalities and development/severity of disease signs, following oral administration of 1–10 % aqueous humus extracts
(Nakagawa et al. 2009 ).
Probiotics/Biocontrol Success resulted from use of Pseudomonas M174 (Korkeaaho et al. 2011 ) and Enterobacter C6-6 and C6-8 (Burbank et al. 2011 ; Schubiger
et al. 2015 ) for controlling Fla. psychrophilum infections. Boutin et al. ( 2012 )
recovered bacteria from the skin of brook charr that were inhibitory in vitro to Fla.
psychrophilum, and when mixed and administered to fi sh led to a decrease in mortality after challenge.
Bacteriophage Twenty-two lytic bacteriophage cultures of 5–90 kb genome size
with activity against Fla. psychrophilum have been recovered Danish fi sh farms,
Flavobacterium psychrophilum