435
Isolation
Isolation was achieved on Hsu-Shotts medium (Bullock et al. 1986 ) with incubation
at 22 °C for 72 h (Loch and Faisal 2014a ).
Characteristics of the Pathogen
Box 7.13: Flavobacterium spartansii
Cultures comprise semi-translucent almost fl at dark yellow colonies with
irregular, spreading margins that possessed a fl exirubin-type pigment. The
cells are Gram-negative, gliding rods of 3.0–5.0 μm in length, and do not
contain cell-wall associated galactosamineglycans. Growth occurs on cytophaga agar, Hsu-Shotts medium, nutrient agar, sheep’s blood agar and TSA, but
not on marine 2216E agar, cetrimide agar or MacConkey agar at 22 °C. Casein
and gelatin are degraded. Growth occurs at 4–22 °C, but not at 37 °C, in
0–2 % w/v (weakly at 2 %) but not in 3 % (w/v) sodium chloride, and at
pH 6.0–8.0. Nitrates are reduced. N acetyl-ß–glucosaminidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, catalase, cysteine, leucine and valine arylamidases, esterase,
esterase
lipase,
ß-galactosidase
(variable),
α-glucosidase
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and oxidase but not arginine dihydrolase,
α-fucosidase, ß-glucuronidase, ß-glucosidase, H 2 S, indole, lysine or ornithine
decarboxylase, α-mannosidase, phenylalanine deaminase or tryptophane
deaminase are produced. The Voges Proskauer reaction is variable. Do not
produce acid from glucose. D- or L-arabinose. Degrade aesculin, casein, elastin, gelatin, starch and Tween 20 but not agar. Tween 80 or urea. Produces
acid from cellobiose, D-galactose, gentobiose, D-glucose, glycogen, maltose,
starch and trehalose, but not from D-adonitol, amygdalin, arabinose, dulcitol,
erythritol, D-fructose, glucose, glycerol, inositol, inulin, lactose, D-mannitol,
melezitose, melibiose, raffi nose, L-rhamnose, D-ribose, salicin, D-sorbitol,
sucrose or D- or L-xylose. Utilises citrate as the sole source of carbon.
Assimilates N-acetylglucosamine, D-glucose, maltose and D-mannose, but
not adipic acid, L-arabinose, capric acid, malic acid, D-mannitol, phenylacetic acid or potassium gluconate. The major fatty acids comprise iso-C 15:0 ,
C 16:1 ω6c and/or C 16:1 ω7c, iso-C 17:0 3-OH, and iso- C 15:0 3OH. The G + C ratio of
the DNA was 35.6 mol%. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene reveals synonomy with Flavobacterium, but at a homology of <99 % with the closest neighbours, i.e. Fla. aquidurense, Fla. araucananum and Fla. frigidimaris (Loch
and Faisal 2014a ) .
Flavobacterium spartansii
Isolation
Isolation was achieved on Hsu-Shotts medium (Bullock et al. 1986 ) with incubation
at 22 °C for 72 h (Loch and Faisal 2014a ).
Characteristics of the Pathogen
Box 7.13: Flavobacterium spartansii
Cultures comprise semi-translucent almost fl at dark yellow colonies with
irregular, spreading margins that possessed a fl exirubin-type pigment. The
cells are Gram-negative, gliding rods of 3.0–5.0 μm in length, and do not
contain cell-wall associated galactosamineglycans. Growth occurs on cytophaga agar, Hsu-Shotts medium, nutrient agar, sheep’s blood agar and TSA, but
not on marine 2216E agar, cetrimide agar or MacConkey agar at 22 °C. Casein
and gelatin are degraded. Growth occurs at 4–22 °C, but not at 37 °C, in
0–2 % w/v (weakly at 2 %) but not in 3 % (w/v) sodium chloride, and at
pH 6.0–8.0. Nitrates are reduced. N acetyl-ß–glucosaminidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, catalase, cysteine, leucine and valine arylamidases, esterase,
esterase
lipase,
ß-galactosidase
(variable),
α-glucosidase
naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and oxidase but not arginine dihydrolase,
α-fucosidase, ß-glucuronidase, ß-glucosidase, H 2 S, indole, lysine or ornithine
decarboxylase, α-mannosidase, phenylalanine deaminase or tryptophane
deaminase are produced. The Voges Proskauer reaction is variable. Do not
produce acid from glucose. D- or L-arabinose. Degrade aesculin, casein, elastin, gelatin, starch and Tween 20 but not agar. Tween 80 or urea. Produces
acid from cellobiose, D-galactose, gentobiose, D-glucose, glycogen, maltose,
starch and trehalose, but not from D-adonitol, amygdalin, arabinose, dulcitol,
erythritol, D-fructose, glucose, glycerol, inositol, inulin, lactose, D-mannitol,
melezitose, melibiose, raffi nose, L-rhamnose, D-ribose, salicin, D-sorbitol,
sucrose or D- or L-xylose. Utilises citrate as the sole source of carbon.
Assimilates N-acetylglucosamine, D-glucose, maltose and D-mannose, but
not adipic acid, L-arabinose, capric acid, malic acid, D-mannitol, phenylacetic acid or potassium gluconate. The major fatty acids comprise iso-C 15:0 ,
C 16:1 ω6c and/or C 16:1 ω7c, iso-C 17:0 3-OH, and iso- C 15:0 3OH. The G + C ratio of
the DNA was 35.6 mol%. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene reveals synonomy with Flavobacterium, but at a homology of <99 % with the closest neighbours, i.e. Fla. aquidurense, Fla. araucananum and Fla. frigidimaris (Loch
and Faisal 2014a ) .
Flavobacterium spartansii